Processo e viabilidade da recuperação de amônia liberada de cama de aviário
Loading...
Date
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Apesar de ser um dos principais players da produção mundial de alimentos, o Brasil importa entre 85 a 90 % dos fertilizantes que utiliza na agricultura. Portanto, o principal gargalo do mercado nacional de fertilizantes é a dependência das importações. Uma alternativa, para fertilizantes nitrogenados, é a recuperação da amônia (NH3) em sistemas industriais e agroindustriais. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver processo para recuperar NH3 por meio de amonização de ácidos e avaliar viabilidade técnica e econômica de implantação de planta piloto de produção de fertilizantes na cidade de Viçosa-MG. No capítulo 1 foram descritos 2 experimentos, sendo que no primeiro experimento desenvolveu-se um sistema para produzir amônia pela destilação de (NH4)2SO4 com intuito de definir as concentrações das soluções de H3PO4, H2SO4 e mistura de H3PO4 + H2SO4 que variaram de 4,0 a 14,38 mol L-1. Maior viabilidade no processo de amonização, máxima captura de N-NH3, foi obtida com H3PO4 9,0 mol L-1; H2SO4 9,6 mol L-1 e H3PO4 + H2SO4 9,0 mol L-1 . No segundo experimento, desenvolveu-se um protótipo capaz de recuperar NH3 de resíduos industriais e agroindustriais. Utilizou-se como fonte de NH3 a cama de aviário, obtida de galpões do sistema dark house, acondicionada em reatores de amonificação. A amônia foi carreada por fluxo continuo de ar e borbulhada em recipientes contendo as soluções de H3PO4 9,0 mol L-1, H2SO4 9,6 mol L-1 e H2SO4b 1,19 mol L-1 (ácido sulfúrico biogênico, obtido pela oxidação de enxofre elementar por Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans), H3PO4 + H2SO4 (4,5 mol L-1 para ambos os ácidos), H3PO4 + H2SO4 (2,38 e 1,19 mol L-1, nesta ordem) e HNO3 4,0 mol L- 1. O protótipo apresentou eficiência de amonização de 93 a 100%, demonstrando aptidão para uso de resíduo sólido de agroindústrias e resíduo líquido de indústrias. Valores de pH, teores de N, P, S e picos característicos de fases minerais dos sais sintetizados, quando comparado aos reagentes analíticos NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4SO4 e NH4NO3, confirmaram a formação dessas fases pela amonização. Os difratogramas de raios X da mistura de H3PO4 + H2SO4, indicaram a síntese de sal composto por NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, e (NH4)2SO4, e adicionalmente, confirma a hipótese da síntese dos sais Diamônio fosfato sulfato (DAFS), Triamônio fosfato sulfato (T3AFS) ou Tetramônio fosfato sulfato (T4AFS). No capítulo 2, realizou-se estudo de viabilidade técnica e econômica para implantação de uma planta piloto de recuperação de NH3 e produção de fertilizantes organominerais a partir de resíduos industriais e agroindustriais na cidade de Viçosa- MG. Para a produção, utilizou-se como resíduo fonte de amônia a cama de aviário, sendo processada em reatores de amonificação e ao final do processo, obtido fertilizantes fluidos e sólido (fertilizante organomineral). O estudo de validação de mercado identificou a potencial aceitação dos produtos para cultivos de café, milho e olerícolas na região de Viçosa-MG. Para tanto, foram entrevistados 17 produtores, dos quais 90% utilizam fertilizantes inorgânicos (N, P e K) e 50% utilizam fertilizantes orgânicos da própria propriedade. O fertilizante organomineral (FO) apresentou custo de produção de R$ kg-1 = 1,96, com valor de venda de R$ kg-1 = 2,50, portanto com margem de lucro de 20%. O fertilizante líquido (FL) apresentou um custo de produção de R$4,05 L-1 e valor de venda de R$16,21 L-1 . Com processamento mensal médio no Ano 1 de 82 t do FO e 10 m³ do FL, estima-se faturamento de R$ 4,3 milhões. No Ano 2 com processamento mensal de 107 t do FO e 12 m³ de Aqua estima-se faturamento de R$ 5,4 milhões e no Ano 3, com 129 t mês-1 de FO e 13,6 m³ mês-1 de Aqua projeta-se um faturamento de R$ 8,2 milhões. Os indicadores de fluxo de caixa (TMA de 12%) indicaram a viabilidade de investimento, sendo esta maior que a taxa SELIC avaliada durante o estudo (2022). Com um TIR (Taxa interna de retorno) de 34% e VPL (Valor presente líquido) de R$206.045,39 que indicou o potencial ganho de investimento na fábrica e TRC (Breaken even/PayBack) de 1 ano e 11 mês. RBC%, obteve um resultado de 11%, onde a cada R$1,00 investido é esperado retorno de R$1,11. A partir dos trabalhos desenvolvidos, conclui-se que é possível recuperar amônia volatilizada de diferentes sistemas, seja agroindustrial ou industrial. Neste mesmo sentido, é possível produzir sais de valor agronômico com diferentes garantias nutricionais que podem ser customizados e aplicados as diferentes culturas agrícolas. Da mesma forma conclui-se a potencialidade de escalonar economicamente o processo de recuperação e produzir fertilizantes organominerais e soluções para aplicação foliar. Palavras Chaves: Recuperação de amônia. Fertilizantes. Organomineral.
Despite being one of the main players in global food production, Brazil imports between 85 and 90% of the fertilizers it uses in agriculture. Therefore, the main bottleneck in the national fertilizer market is dependence on imports. An alternative to nitrogen fertilizers is the recovery of ammonia (NH3) in industrial and agro-industrial systems. In this context, the objective of this work was to develop a process to recover NH3 through acid ammonization and evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of implementing a pilot fertilizer production plant in the city of Viçosa-MG. In chapter 1, 2 experiments were described, and in the first experiment a system was developed to produce ammonia through the distillation of (NH4)2SO4 with the aim of defining the concentrations of solutions of H3PO4, H2SO4 and a mixture of H3PO4 + H2SO4, which varied from 4 .0 to 14.38 mol L-1. Greater viability in the ammoniation process, maximum capture of N-NH3, was obtained with H3PO4 9.0 mol L-1; H2SO4 9.6 mol L-1 and H3PO4 + H2SO4 9.0 mol L-1. In the second experiment, a prototype capable of recovering NH3 from industrial and agro-industrial waste was developed. Poultry litter, obtained from dark house system sheds, stored in ammonification reactors, was used as a source of NH3. The ammonia was carried by a continuous air flow and bubbled into containers containing solutions of H3PO4 9.0 mol L-1, H2SO4 9.6 mol L-1 and H2SO4b 1.19 mol L-1 (biogenic sulfuric acid, obtained by oxidation of elemental sulfur by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans), H3PO4 + H2SO4 (4.5 mol L-1 for both acids), H3PO4 + H2SO4 (2.38 and 1.19 mol L- , in that order) and HNO3 4.0 mol L-1. The prototype showed an ammoniation efficiency of 93 to 100%, demonstrating suitability for using solid waste from agro-industries and liquid waste from industries. pH values, N, P, S contents and characteristic peaks of mineral phases of the synthesized salts, when compared to the analytical reagents NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4SO4 and NH4NO3, confirmed the formation of these phases by ammonization. The X-ray diffractograms of the mixture of H3PO4 + H2SO4 indicated the synthesis of a salt composed of NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, and (NH4)2SO4, and additionally confirms the hypothesis of the synthesis of the salts Diammonium phosphate sulfate (DAFS), Triammonium sulfate phosphate (T3AFS) or Tetrammonium sulfate phosphate (T4AFS). In chapter 2, a technical and economic feasibility study was carried out for the implementation of a pilot plant for the recovery of NH3 and the production of organomineral fertilizers from industrial and agro-industrial waste in the city of Viçosa-MG. For production, poultry litter was used as a source of ammonia, being processed in ammonification reactors and at the end of the process, fluid and solid fertilizers (organomineral fertilizer) were obtained. The market validation study identified the potential acceptance of products for coffee, corn and vegetable crops in the Viçosa-MG region. To this end, 17 producers were interviewed, of which 90% use inorganic fertilizers (N, P and K) and 50% use organic fertilizers from their own property. Organomineral fertilizer (FO) had a production cost of R$ kg-1 = 1.96, with a sales value of R$ kg- = 2.50, therefore with a profit margin of 20%. Liquid fertilizer (FL) had a production cost of R$4.05 L-1 and a sales value of R$16.21 L-1. With average monthly processing in Year 1 of 82 t of FO and 10 m³ of FL, estimated revenues of R$ 4.3 million. In Year 2, with monthly processing of 107 t of FO and 12 m³ of Aqua, revenues of R$ 5.4 million are estimated and in Year 3, with 129 t month-1 of FO and 13.6 m³ month-1 of Aqua revenue of R$8.2 million is projected. Cash flow indicators (12% MARR) indicated investment viability, which was higher than the SELIC rate assessed during the study (2022). With an IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of 34% and NPV (Net Present Value) of R$206,045.39, which indicated the potential gain from investment in the factory and TRC (Breaken Even/PayBack) of 1 year and 11 months. RBC%, obtained a result of 11%, where for every R$1.00 invested, a return of R$1.11 is expected. From the work carried out, it is concluded that it is possible to recover volatilized ammonia from different systems, whether agro- industrial or industrial. In the same sense, it is possible to produce salts of agronomic value with different nutritional guarantees that can be customized and applied to different agricultural crops. Likewise, the potential to economically scale the recovery process and produce organomineral fertilizers and solutions for foliar application is concluded. Keywords: Ammonia recovery. Fertilizers. Organomineral.
Despite being one of the main players in global food production, Brazil imports between 85 and 90% of the fertilizers it uses in agriculture. Therefore, the main bottleneck in the national fertilizer market is dependence on imports. An alternative to nitrogen fertilizers is the recovery of ammonia (NH3) in industrial and agro-industrial systems. In this context, the objective of this work was to develop a process to recover NH3 through acid ammonization and evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of implementing a pilot fertilizer production plant in the city of Viçosa-MG. In chapter 1, 2 experiments were described, and in the first experiment a system was developed to produce ammonia through the distillation of (NH4)2SO4 with the aim of defining the concentrations of solutions of H3PO4, H2SO4 and a mixture of H3PO4 + H2SO4, which varied from 4 .0 to 14.38 mol L-1. Greater viability in the ammoniation process, maximum capture of N-NH3, was obtained with H3PO4 9.0 mol L-1; H2SO4 9.6 mol L-1 and H3PO4 + H2SO4 9.0 mol L-1. In the second experiment, a prototype capable of recovering NH3 from industrial and agro-industrial waste was developed. Poultry litter, obtained from dark house system sheds, stored in ammonification reactors, was used as a source of NH3. The ammonia was carried by a continuous air flow and bubbled into containers containing solutions of H3PO4 9.0 mol L-1, H2SO4 9.6 mol L-1 and H2SO4b 1.19 mol L-1 (biogenic sulfuric acid, obtained by oxidation of elemental sulfur by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans), H3PO4 + H2SO4 (4.5 mol L-1 for both acids), H3PO4 + H2SO4 (2.38 and 1.19 mol L- , in that order) and HNO3 4.0 mol L-1. The prototype showed an ammoniation efficiency of 93 to 100%, demonstrating suitability for using solid waste from agro-industries and liquid waste from industries. pH values, N, P, S contents and characteristic peaks of mineral phases of the synthesized salts, when compared to the analytical reagents NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4SO4 and NH4NO3, confirmed the formation of these phases by ammonization. The X-ray diffractograms of the mixture of H3PO4 + H2SO4 indicated the synthesis of a salt composed of NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, and (NH4)2SO4, and additionally confirms the hypothesis of the synthesis of the salts Diammonium phosphate sulfate (DAFS), Triammonium sulfate phosphate (T3AFS) or Tetrammonium sulfate phosphate (T4AFS). In chapter 2, a technical and economic feasibility study was carried out for the implementation of a pilot plant for the recovery of NH3 and the production of organomineral fertilizers from industrial and agro-industrial waste in the city of Viçosa-MG. For production, poultry litter was used as a source of ammonia, being processed in ammonification reactors and at the end of the process, fluid and solid fertilizers (organomineral fertilizer) were obtained. The market validation study identified the potential acceptance of products for coffee, corn and vegetable crops in the Viçosa-MG region. To this end, 17 producers were interviewed, of which 90% use inorganic fertilizers (N, P and K) and 50% use organic fertilizers from their own property. Organomineral fertilizer (FO) had a production cost of R$ kg-1 = 1.96, with a sales value of R$ kg- = 2.50, therefore with a profit margin of 20%. Liquid fertilizer (FL) had a production cost of R$4.05 L-1 and a sales value of R$16.21 L-1. With average monthly processing in Year 1 of 82 t of FO and 10 m³ of FL, estimated revenues of R$ 4.3 million. In Year 2, with monthly processing of 107 t of FO and 12 m³ of Aqua, revenues of R$ 5.4 million are estimated and in Year 3, with 129 t month-1 of FO and 13.6 m³ month-1 of Aqua revenue of R$8.2 million is projected. Cash flow indicators (12% MARR) indicated investment viability, which was higher than the SELIC rate assessed during the study (2022). With an IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of 34% and NPV (Net Present Value) of R$206,045.39, which indicated the potential gain from investment in the factory and TRC (Breaken Even/PayBack) of 1 year and 11 months. RBC%, obtained a result of 11%, where for every R$1.00 invested, a return of R$1.11 is expected. From the work carried out, it is concluded that it is possible to recover volatilized ammonia from different systems, whether agro- industrial or industrial. In the same sense, it is possible to produce salts of agronomic value with different nutritional guarantees that can be customized and applied to different agricultural crops. Likewise, the potential to economically scale the recovery process and produce organomineral fertilizers and solutions for foliar application is concluded. Keywords: Ammonia recovery. Fertilizers. Organomineral.
Description
Citation
SILVEIRA, Klever Cristiano. Processo e viabilidade da recuperação de amônia liberada de cama de aviário. 2022. 94 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2022.
