Reconfigurando a paternidade na era contemporânea: um estudo com pais-jovens
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A paternidade participativa surge na sociedade contemporânea como uma possibilidade de promover equidade nos papéis de pai e mãe, e os pais-jovens emergem como atores potenciais desse processo. A construção desse novo modelo de paternidade parece estar fundamentada nos cuidados com os filhos e na divisão do trabalho doméstico, resultando em novas formas de convivência familiar. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Infantil (LDI) e no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Humano (LDH) da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Minas Gerais. O objetivo foi analisar, por meio da experiência paterna, a influência de fatores socioeconômicos, individuais e culturais na construção de diferentes modelos de paternidade. Como aporte teórico, utilizaram-se o Modelo Bioecológico de Bronfenbrenner e os conceitos de envolvimento paterno dos autores Lamb e Pleck, os quais dimensionam os níveis de participação na díade pai-filho e de divisão do trabalho doméstico. O estudo apresenta caráter qualitativo, e os dados foram coletados por meio da análise das fichas cadastrais preenchidas pelos pais-jovens ao matricularem seus filhos na unidade educacional infantil da Universidade de Viçosa. Outrossim, realizaram-se entrevistas narrativas com 15 pais pertencentes a diversos níveis socioeconômicos, rendas, níveis de escolaridade e idade. O exame dos dados ocorreu por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin, com auxílio do software IRaMuTeQ. Com base nos resultados, ficou evidente que os pais entrevistados identificaram diferentes modelos de paternidade, sobretudo comparando sua relação com seus próprios pais, reconhecendo mudanças ao longo do tempo, como ter mais afeto e diálogo com seus filhos. Os pais com maior nível de escolaridade e renda manifestaram maior engajamento com a pesquisa, indicando interesse e consciência acerca do período de transformação da paternidade. Observou-se uma mudança nas brincadeiras entre pais e filhos, sem separação de gênero para meninos e meninas. Ademais, algumas tarefas estão se tornando mais paternas, como levar os filhos à escola, narrada como uma responsabilidade exclusiva para a maioria dos pais entrevistados. No tocante aos desafios da paternidade, os pais se queixaram da intensa jornada de trabalho e da escassez de tempo para se dedicarem aos filhos e à família. Assim, o tempo de qualidade é uma preocupação recorrente entre eles. Evidenciou-se que os pais que relataram ter mais tempo para os filhos e a família, em função da flexibilidade de seus empregos, estavam mais satisfeitos. Apesar da percepção de desigualdade na divisão do trabalho doméstico, alguns pais relataram diálogo e negociação sobre as tarefas do lar. Constatou-se, ainda, que pais recasados expressaram sentimentos negativos e cobrança em relação à participação na vida dos filhos do primeiro relacionamento. Por fim, os pais-jovens demonstraram um crescente engajamento em seu papel paterno. Embora com dificuldades, eles indicaram estar ativos no processo de transformação dos modelos de paternidade. Palavras-chave: paternidade participativa; relação pai-filho; Modelo Bioecológico; divisão do trabalho doméstico.
Participatory fatherhood emerges in contemporary society as a possibility to promote greater equity in the roles of father and mother, with young fathers emerging as potential actors in this process. The construction of this new model of fatherhood seems to be based on childcare and the division of domestic labor, resulting in new forms of family coexistence. This research was conducted at the Child Development Laboratory (LDI) and the Human Development Laboratory (LDH) of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Minas Gerais. The objective was to analyze the influence of socioeconomic, individual, and cultural factors on the father-child relationship in order to understand the construction of different fatherhood models in the experience of young fathers. The theoretical framework used was Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model and the concepts of paternal involvement by authors Lamb and Pleck, which define the levels of participation in the father-child dyad, and the division of domestic labor according to Coltrane. The study was qualitative in nature, and data were collected through the analysis of registration forms filled out by young fathers when enrolling their children in the early childhood education unit of the University of Viçosa, as well as through narrative interviews with 15 fathers from different socioeconomic levels, with varying incomes and educational levels ranging from incomplete primary education to master's degrees, and aged between 18 and 29 years old when they had their first child. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin, with the aid of the IRaMuTeQ software. The results show that the interviewed fathers identify different models of fatherhood, mainly by comparing their relationship with their own fathers, recognizing changes over time, such as having more affection and dialogue with their children. Fathers with higher levels of education and income showed greater engagement with the research, demonstrating greater interest and awareness of the period of transformation of fatherhood. However, all fathers, regardless of income and education, reported active participation in their children's education and care, demonstrating a high level of paternal involvement. A significant change was observed in the play activities between fathers and children, without gender separation for boys and girls. Some tasks are becoming more paternal, such as taking the children to school, described as an exclusive responsibility for the majority of the interviewed fathers. Fathers complained about the intense work hours and the lack of time to dedicate to their children and family, and quality time was a recurring concern among them. It was found that fathers who reported having more time for their children and family, due to the flexibility of their jobs, showed greater satisfaction. It was also noted that despite the perception of inequality in the division of domestic labor, some fathers reported flexible dialogue and negotiation regarding household tasks. It was also found that remarried fathers expressed negative feelings and high demands regarding participation in the lives of children from their first relationship. Finally, young fathers demonstrated, through their experiences, an increasing engagement in their paternal role. Despite their difficulties, they showed that they are active in the process of transforming fatherhood models. Keywords: participatory fatherhood; father-son relationship, Bioecological Model; division of domestic labor.
Participatory fatherhood emerges in contemporary society as a possibility to promote greater equity in the roles of father and mother, with young fathers emerging as potential actors in this process. The construction of this new model of fatherhood seems to be based on childcare and the division of domestic labor, resulting in new forms of family coexistence. This research was conducted at the Child Development Laboratory (LDI) and the Human Development Laboratory (LDH) of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Minas Gerais. The objective was to analyze the influence of socioeconomic, individual, and cultural factors on the father-child relationship in order to understand the construction of different fatherhood models in the experience of young fathers. The theoretical framework used was Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model and the concepts of paternal involvement by authors Lamb and Pleck, which define the levels of participation in the father-child dyad, and the division of domestic labor according to Coltrane. The study was qualitative in nature, and data were collected through the analysis of registration forms filled out by young fathers when enrolling their children in the early childhood education unit of the University of Viçosa, as well as through narrative interviews with 15 fathers from different socioeconomic levels, with varying incomes and educational levels ranging from incomplete primary education to master's degrees, and aged between 18 and 29 years old when they had their first child. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin, with the aid of the IRaMuTeQ software. The results show that the interviewed fathers identify different models of fatherhood, mainly by comparing their relationship with their own fathers, recognizing changes over time, such as having more affection and dialogue with their children. Fathers with higher levels of education and income showed greater engagement with the research, demonstrating greater interest and awareness of the period of transformation of fatherhood. However, all fathers, regardless of income and education, reported active participation in their children's education and care, demonstrating a high level of paternal involvement. A significant change was observed in the play activities between fathers and children, without gender separation for boys and girls. Some tasks are becoming more paternal, such as taking the children to school, described as an exclusive responsibility for the majority of the interviewed fathers. Fathers complained about the intense work hours and the lack of time to dedicate to their children and family, and quality time was a recurring concern among them. It was found that fathers who reported having more time for their children and family, due to the flexibility of their jobs, showed greater satisfaction. It was also noted that despite the perception of inequality in the division of domestic labor, some fathers reported flexible dialogue and negotiation regarding household tasks. It was also found that remarried fathers expressed negative feelings and high demands regarding participation in the lives of children from their first relationship. Finally, young fathers demonstrated, through their experiences, an increasing engagement in their paternal role. Despite their difficulties, they showed that they are active in the process of transforming fatherhood models. Keywords: participatory fatherhood; father-son relationship, Bioecological Model; division of domestic labor.
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RIGUEIRA, Gleisiene Aparecida da Silva. Reconfigurando a paternidade na era contemporânea: um estudo com pais-jovens. 2024. 122 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Economia Doméstica) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
