Biocondicionamento ex-situ do solo e rejeito do ambiente afetado pelo rompimento da barragem de Fundão - Mariana/MG
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
O rompimento da barragem de Fundão em Mariana/MG acarretou o mais grave desastre socioambiental brasileiro. O evento alcançou não só os ecossistemas da bacia hidrográfica do rio Doce, mas toda a população que nele vive e de alguma forma, faz uso do rio. Todo caos resultante levantou uma série de questionamentos, relacionados à possível nocividade dos elementos químicos presentes no solo e água, à saúde vegetal e animal, as quais ainda não estão suficientemente esclarecidas devido à heterogeneidade e complexidade do desastre. Dados já descritos demonstram que a presença desses elementos podem não ser advindos diretamente da lama de rejeito, contudo a proporção e volume lançados provavelmente revolveu e suspendeu sedimentos pré-existentes, que continham elementos químicos nocivos no leito dos rios. Dentre a enorme gama de problemas gerados e suas repercussões, esta pesquisa visa discutir o trabalho exercido pelas minhocas na remodelagem física e química dos solos do trecho atingido pela deposição de sedimentos. A passagem do rejeito dizimou a biodiversidade presente em diversos níveis ecossistêmicos do rio e planícies adjacentes, soterrando quilômetros de áreas produtivas, que em poucos minutos foram recobertas por uma camada densa de material de espessura variável, dificultando sua recuperação e manutenção das cadeias tróficas e ciclos hídricos. Realizou-se experimento com técnicas de modificação edáfica, avaliando os efeitos da toxicidade do material e o condicionamento do rejeito coletado em ilhas de refluxo no rio Doce, próximos a Usina Hidrelétrica Risoleta Neves, misturados ou não aos solos da região, visando a avaliação de um possível novo ambiente edáfico menos nocivo à vida, com o uso do biocondicionamento realizado pelas minhocas. Um bioensaio crônico foi realizado para avaliar o comportamento das minhocas e quantificar a capacidade de alterar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas dos sedimentos em diferentes proporções de rejeito. O desenho experimental foi composto de 15 aquários de vidro, montados e monitorados durante 12 semanas. As amostras de solo e rejeito utilizadas para as avaliações foram coletadas no município de Rio Doce. Como bioindicadora da qualidade dos solos atingidos pelo rejeito, foi utilizada nos testes a minhoca Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857), por ser uma espécie nativa, de ampla distribuição geográfica (pantropical), e endogeica (hábitos alimentares geófagos). Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram efeitos benéficos no acréscimo de C e N em coprólitos, alterações em parâmetros de fertilidade e composição química através de processos realizados pela mistura de matéria orgânica e minhocas aos substratos. Foram encontrados elevados teores de Fe, Al e Mn no rejeito e contaminações de Cr no solo e Cd no solo e rejeito. Foi verificado que o rejeito é extremamente deficiente em atributos de fertilidade e parâmetros físicos, que foram alterados com os tratamentos. O fator de bioacumulação relativo ao tecido das minhocas revelou que doses crescentes de rejeito acumulam metais, sendo representativos para Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, Ba, Cr, V. Para o Pb a maior bioacumulação foi verificada nas unidades experimentais contendo solo, sem rejeito. O fator de bioacumulação nos coprólitos revelou tendência de concentração com o acréscimo de rejeito para Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Cu, Co, Ba, Cr, V e Pb
The rupture of the Fundão dam in Mariana/MG led to the most serious Brazilian social and environmental disaster. The event reached not only the ecosystems of the Doce river watershed, but the entire population that lives in it and somehow makes use of the river. All the resulting chaos has raised a number of questions regarding the possible harmfulness of chemical elements in soil and water, plant and animal health, which are not yet sufficiently clarified due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disaster. Data already described demonstrate that the presence of these elements may not come directly from the tailings sludge, however the proportion and volume released probably revolved and suspended pre-existing sediments, which contained harmful chemicals in the riverbed. Among the huge range of problems generated and their repercussions, this research aims to discuss the work performed by earthworms in the physical and chemical remodeling of the soil affected by sediment deposition. The passage of tailings decimated the biodiversity present in several ecosystem levels of the river and adjacent plains, burying kilometers of productive areas, which in a few minutes were covered by a dense layer of material of variable thickness, making it difficult to recover and maintain the trophic chains and water cycles. An experiment was carried out with edaphic modification techniques, evaluating the effects of the material toxicity and the tailing condition collected in reflux islands in the Doce river, near the Risoleta Neves Hydroelectric Power Plant, mixed or not to the soils of the region, aiming at the evaluation of a possible new edaphic environment less harmful to life, with the use of bio- conditioning carried out by earthworms. A chronic bioassay was performed to evaluate the behavior of earthworms and quantify the ability to change the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of sediments in different tailings proportions. The experimental design consisted of 15 glass aquariums, assembled and monitored for 12 weeks. The soil and tailings samples used for the evaluations were collected in the city of Rio Doce. As a bioindicator of the quality of the soil affected by the tailings, the Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) earthworm was used in the tests, as it is a native species, with wide geographical distribution (pantropical), and endogenous (geophage eating habits). The results of the present study demonstrated beneficial effects on the addition of C and N in casts, changes in fertility parameters and chemical composition through processes performed by mixing organic matter and earthworms to the substrates. High levels of Fe, Al and Mn were found in the tailings and contamination by Cr in the soil and Cd in the soil and tailings. It was found that the tailings are extremely deficient in fertility attributes and physical parameters, which were altered with the treatments. The bioaccumulation factor relative to the earthworms tissue showed that increasing doses of tailings accumulate metals, being representative for Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, Ba, Cr, V. For Pb, the highest bioaccumulation was verified in experimental units containing soil, without tailings. The bioaccumulation factor in the casts revealed a tendency of concentration with the increase of tailings for Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Cu, Co, Ba, Cr, V and Pb
The rupture of the Fundão dam in Mariana/MG led to the most serious Brazilian social and environmental disaster. The event reached not only the ecosystems of the Doce river watershed, but the entire population that lives in it and somehow makes use of the river. All the resulting chaos has raised a number of questions regarding the possible harmfulness of chemical elements in soil and water, plant and animal health, which are not yet sufficiently clarified due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disaster. Data already described demonstrate that the presence of these elements may not come directly from the tailings sludge, however the proportion and volume released probably revolved and suspended pre-existing sediments, which contained harmful chemicals in the riverbed. Among the huge range of problems generated and their repercussions, this research aims to discuss the work performed by earthworms in the physical and chemical remodeling of the soil affected by sediment deposition. The passage of tailings decimated the biodiversity present in several ecosystem levels of the river and adjacent plains, burying kilometers of productive areas, which in a few minutes were covered by a dense layer of material of variable thickness, making it difficult to recover and maintain the trophic chains and water cycles. An experiment was carried out with edaphic modification techniques, evaluating the effects of the material toxicity and the tailing condition collected in reflux islands in the Doce river, near the Risoleta Neves Hydroelectric Power Plant, mixed or not to the soils of the region, aiming at the evaluation of a possible new edaphic environment less harmful to life, with the use of bio- conditioning carried out by earthworms. A chronic bioassay was performed to evaluate the behavior of earthworms and quantify the ability to change the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of sediments in different tailings proportions. The experimental design consisted of 15 glass aquariums, assembled and monitored for 12 weeks. The soil and tailings samples used for the evaluations were collected in the city of Rio Doce. As a bioindicator of the quality of the soil affected by the tailings, the Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) earthworm was used in the tests, as it is a native species, with wide geographical distribution (pantropical), and endogenous (geophage eating habits). The results of the present study demonstrated beneficial effects on the addition of C and N in casts, changes in fertility parameters and chemical composition through processes performed by mixing organic matter and earthworms to the substrates. High levels of Fe, Al and Mn were found in the tailings and contamination by Cr in the soil and Cd in the soil and tailings. It was found that the tailings are extremely deficient in fertility attributes and physical parameters, which were altered with the treatments. The bioaccumulation factor relative to the earthworms tissue showed that increasing doses of tailings accumulate metals, being representative for Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, Ba, Cr, V. For Pb, the highest bioaccumulation was verified in experimental units containing soil, without tailings. The bioaccumulation factor in the casts revealed a tendency of concentration with the increase of tailings for Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Cu, Co, Ba, Cr, V and Pb
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PAULA, Juliana Boechat de Souza. Biocondicionamento ex-situ do solo e rejeito do ambiente afetado pelo rompimento da barragem de Fundão - Mariana/MG. 2018. 100 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2018.
