Sinais sonoros de mastigação desencadeiam ajustes metabólicos e de expressão gênica em folhas de soja semelhantes aos produzidos pela herbivoria
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Ondas sonoras são sinais mecânicos que podem promover mudanças fisiológicas e moleculares em plantas, afetando o crescimento, conteúdos fitoquímicos e respostas ao estresse. No entanto, a especificidade dessas respostas ao som produzido por um emissor de origem biológica ainda foi pouco explorada em relação a maior quantidade de estudos já realizados com frequências sonoras singulares em plantas. A interação da planta com insetos, outros organismos e o ambiente produzem distintos sinais sonoros que podem ser relevantes e refletir na fisiologia e comportamento do organismo vegetal, contribuindo principalmente com sua adaptação e evolução. Visto essa necessidade de maior esclarecimento no reflexo da interação de plantas com sinais sonoros oriundos de seu habitat (sons ecológicos), foram avaliadas se alterações metabólicas e moleculares podem ser diferencialmente reguladas e reajustadas por diferentes tipos de sons ecológicos; e se sons de mastigação de lagarta desencadeiam respostas bioquímicas em acordo com o observado quando plantas são atacadas por herbívoros. Para responder essas perguntas, ajustes bioquímicos foram avaliados em plantas de soja tratadas com dois tipos de sons ecológicos: mastigação de herbívoro (lagarta) e ambiente da floresta. Em geral, as respostas foram bem distintas, embora algumas similaridades tenham sido observadas, indicando que os sinais sonoros oriundos de sistemas ecológicos podem desencadear cascatas específicas dependentes do espectro de frequências acústicas da fonte emissora. Enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo oxidativo responderam a ambos os sons, e o ácido salicílico (SA) foi induzido apenas pelo som de mastigação. Após 12 e 18 horas de exposição aos sons ecológicos não houve significância na alteração da atividade da lipoxigenase (LOX) e nem na abundância relativa do ácido jasmônico (JA). No entanto, os genes SKTI e BBI, que codificam inibidores de protease, foram induzidos pelos sinais sonoros de mastigação. Por outro lado, os tratamentos sonoros promoveram regulações em diferentes ramificações das vias de biossíntese de fenilpropanóides e flavonoides, evidenciando uma tendência de aumento de alguns conjugados de flavonóis em plantas tratadas com o som de mastigação. Em concordância, os genes PR10 / Bet v-1 e gmFLS1 envolvidos na biossíntese de flavonoides e flavonóis também foram induzidos pelo som de mastigação. Finalmente, os resultados possibilitam propor que o sinal acústico de mastigação pode atuar como uma primeira linha de defesa à herbivoria; e sons ecológicos podem desencadear cascatas de sinalização distintas dependentes do espectro de frequências acústicas da fonte emissora. No entanto, os ajustes metabólicos ocasionados pelos sons ecológicos devem ser expandidos para outros sistemas de interação inseto-planta para revelar a aplicabilidade, magnitude e relevância ecológica de sinais sonoros presentes em ecossistemas. Palavras-chave: Efeito do som. Relação inseto-planta. Flavonoides. Fenóis. Hormônios vegetais. Enzimas. Genes. Ondas sonoras. Vibração – Efeito fisiológico.
Sound waves are mechanical signals that can promote physiological and molecular changes in plants, affecting growth, phytochemical contents and stress responses. However, the specificity of these responses to the sound produced by a biological emitter has been little explored in relation to the greater number of studies already carried out with singular sound frequencies in plants. The plant's interaction with insects and other organisms produces different sound signals in the environment that may be relevant and reflect on plant physiology and behavior, contributing mainly to its adaptation and evolution. Given this need for further clarification of the interaction of plants with sound signals from their habitat (ecological sounds), we evaluated whether the signaling cascades are differentially regulated and readjusted by ecological sounds containing different frequencies; and whether caterpillar chewing sounds trigger molecular responses in agreement those produced by herbivore attack. To answer these questions, biochemical and molecular adjustments were evaluated in soybean plants treated with two types of ecological sounds: herbivore chewing and forest environment. In general, the responses were quite distinct, although some similarities were observed, indicating that sound signals from ecological systems can trigger specific cascades depending on the acoustic frequency spectrum of the emitting source. Enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism were responsive to both sounds, and salicylic acid (SA) was responsive only for chewing sound. After 12 and 18 hours of sound exposure lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and jasmonic acid (JA) did not change. However, SKTI and BBI genes, encoding for protease inhibitors, were induced by chewing sound signals. Otherwise, the sound treatments promoted modifications in different branches of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, highlighting a tendency for increased of some flavonol conjugates for plants under chewing sounds. In accordance, a PR10/Bet V1-like and gmFLS1 genes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoids and flavonols were also induced by chewing sounds. Finally, our results make possible propose that acoustic chewing signal may be acting as a first line of defense to herbivore attack, and different ecological sounds can trigger distinct signaling cascades. However, it need be evaluated for other plant-insect systems to reveal their broadly applicable, magnitude and ecological relevance. Keywords: Vibrational signaling. Sound vibration. Plant–insect interactions. Phytohormonal response. Phenolic compounds. Flavonoids. Sound-induced enzymes. Sound-induced genes.
Sound waves are mechanical signals that can promote physiological and molecular changes in plants, affecting growth, phytochemical contents and stress responses. However, the specificity of these responses to the sound produced by a biological emitter has been little explored in relation to the greater number of studies already carried out with singular sound frequencies in plants. The plant's interaction with insects and other organisms produces different sound signals in the environment that may be relevant and reflect on plant physiology and behavior, contributing mainly to its adaptation and evolution. Given this need for further clarification of the interaction of plants with sound signals from their habitat (ecological sounds), we evaluated whether the signaling cascades are differentially regulated and readjusted by ecological sounds containing different frequencies; and whether caterpillar chewing sounds trigger molecular responses in agreement those produced by herbivore attack. To answer these questions, biochemical and molecular adjustments were evaluated in soybean plants treated with two types of ecological sounds: herbivore chewing and forest environment. In general, the responses were quite distinct, although some similarities were observed, indicating that sound signals from ecological systems can trigger specific cascades depending on the acoustic frequency spectrum of the emitting source. Enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism were responsive to both sounds, and salicylic acid (SA) was responsive only for chewing sound. After 12 and 18 hours of sound exposure lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and jasmonic acid (JA) did not change. However, SKTI and BBI genes, encoding for protease inhibitors, were induced by chewing sound signals. Otherwise, the sound treatments promoted modifications in different branches of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, highlighting a tendency for increased of some flavonol conjugates for plants under chewing sounds. In accordance, a PR10/Bet V1-like and gmFLS1 genes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoids and flavonols were also induced by chewing sounds. Finally, our results make possible propose that acoustic chewing signal may be acting as a first line of defense to herbivore attack, and different ecological sounds can trigger distinct signaling cascades. However, it need be evaluated for other plant-insect systems to reveal their broadly applicable, magnitude and ecological relevance. Keywords: Vibrational signaling. Sound vibration. Plant–insect interactions. Phytohormonal response. Phenolic compounds. Flavonoids. Sound-induced enzymes. Sound-induced genes.
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LIMA, Lucas Leal. Sinais sonoros de mastigação desencadeiam ajustes metabólicos e de expressão gênica em folhas de soja semelhantes aos produzidos pela herbivoria. 2021. 67 f. Tese (Doutorado em Bioquímica Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2021.
