Metodologias de secagem e armazenamento na pós-colheita de frutos de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata)
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2024-06-27
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) é uma palmeira nativa do cerrado brasileiro que vem despertando interesse do setor agroindustrial pela elevada produtividade de óleo por ha e pelo sistema de cultivo que resulta em sequestro de carbono. Os óleos extraídos tanto da polpa quanto da amêndoa dos frutos apresentam características que os permitem ser utilizados na alimentação humana, na produção de biocombustíveis e nas indústrias de cosméticos e fármacos. Para que todo seu potencial seja explorado comercialmente algumas lacunas precisam ser preenchidas, entre elas o processo de pós-colheita. O óleo da macaúba apresenta elevada perecibilidade, por isso, necessita de rápido processamento. Adicionalmente, a colheita é realizada apenas uma vez ao ano durante os meses de novembro a março a depender da região. Estes fatores em conjunto elevam os custos para a instalação de indústrias de processamento de macaúba que precisam estar preparadas para o rápido processamento dos frutos após a colheita e ainda resultarem em ociosidade em parte do ano. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes tecnologias de secagem e armazenamento e seus efeitos na qualidade do óleo na intenção de prolongar pelo máximo período de tempo a vida útil dos óleos extraídos da polpa da macaúba. Desta forma, este trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro avaliou- se o efeito da secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar a 50°C e armazenamento em diferentes condições de umidade. Os frutos foram colhidos diretamente no cacho, selecionados e sanitizados. Após a sanitização, os frutos passaram por um período de maturação de 15 dias. Decorrido este tempo, os frutos foram secos até as umidades de 20, 18, 15, 12 e 10% e armazenados sob condições ambiente por até 240 dias. A análise da qualidade do óleo se deu através das variáveis índice de acidez (IA), estabilidade oxidativa (EO) e teor de óleo (TO). Foi observado que frutos armazenados com maior teor de umidade perdem a viabilidade mais rapidamente e que a secagem a 50°C não foi eficiente em manter a qualidade do óleo dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela ANVISA por longos períodos de tempo, mas foi capaz de diminuir drasticamente a velocidade de deterioração do óleo, principalmente em relação ao índice de acidez. No segundo capítulo, os frutos foram colhidos diretamente no cacho, transportados, selecionados e sanitizados. Após estes processos, os frutos foram secos em secador vertical com circulação forçada de ar e temperatura ambiente até alcançarem as umidades de 16 e 12%. Após, eles foram armazenados em condições ambientais por até 190 dias. Esses tratamentos não demonstraram eficácia em preservar a qualidade do óleo por um período suficiente. No entanto, observou-se uma desaceleração na taxa de degradação. O índice de acidez apresentou valores superiores a 5% desde o tempo zero de armazenamento e a estabilidade oxidativa se manteve acima das 6 horas recomendadas pela ANP por oito dias se armazenados a 12% de umidade e, por quatro dias se armazenados a 16%. Notou- se um acúmulo de óleo até os 92 dias de armazenamento, sendo o acúmulo mais significativo nos frutos armazenados com 16% de umidade. No terceiro capítulo, os frutos de macaúba foram colhidos diretamente do cacho, foram transportados, selecionados e sanitizados. Posteriormente, foram submetidos a uma secagem a baixa temperatura em um secador vertical com circulação forçada de ar e temperatura ambiente até alcançarem um teor de umidade de 2%. Uma vez que atingiram esse nível de umidade, os frutos foram armazenados no mesmo ambiente onde ocorreu a secagem, simulando um sistema de silo secador-armazenador. A avaliação da qualidade do óleo envolveu análises do índice de acidez, estabilidade oxidativa e teor de óleo. Os resultados do índice de acidez foram satisfatórios, mantendo-se em níveis aceitáveis para consumo humano até os seis meses de armazenamento. Quanto à estabilidade oxidativa, o óleo manteve-se dentro dos parâmetros adequados para a indústria de biocombustíveis por aproximadamente 17 dias. Em relação ao teor de óleo, diferentes padrões foram observados, enquanto o período de secagem não demonstrou significativa influência, o período de armazenamento teve um impacto negativo no acúmulo de óleo. Portanto, conclui-se que os frutos armazenados no silo secador-armazenador se mantiveram viáveis pelo maior tempo. Logo, este tratamento é recomendado para frutos de macaúba destinados a produção de biocombustíveis à alimentação humana, bem como para uso nas indústrias farmacêuticas e de cosméticos. Concluímos que a secagem a baixa temperatura seguida de armazenamento nas mesmas condições de secagem foi a técnica mais efetiva na manutenção da qualidade do óleo de macaúba por maiores períodos de tempo. Palavras-chave: Acidez; Oxidação; Óleo Vegetal; Qualidade; Tecnologia; Temperatura; Umidade.
The macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm tree native to the Brazilian cerrado that has been attracting interest from the agribusiness sector due to its high oil productivity per hectare and its cultivation system, which results in carbon sequestration. The oils extracted from both the pulp and the kernel of the fruits have characteristics that allow them to be used in human food, biofuel production, and the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. In order for its full potential to be commercially exploited, some gaps need to be filled, including the post-harvest process. Macaúba oil is highly perishable and requires rapid processing. Additionally, harvesting is only done once a year during the months of November to March depending on the region. These factors together increase the costs for installing macaúba processing industries, which need to be prepared for the rapid processing of fruits after harvesting and may result in idle periods during part of the year. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study different drying and storage technologies and their effects on oil quality in order to prolong the shelf life of oils extracted from macaúba pulp for as long as possible. Thus, this work was divided into three chapters. In the first, the effect of drying in a forced-air oven at 50°C and storage under different humidity conditions was evaluated. The fruits were harvested directly from the bunch, selected, and sanitized. After sanitation, the fruits underwent a ripening period of 15 days. After this time, the fruits were dried to moisture levels of 20, 18, 15, 12, and 10% and stored under ambient conditions for up to 240 days. Oil quality analysis was carried out through the variables of acidity index (AI), oxidative stability (OS), and oil content (OC). It was observed that fruits stored with higher moisture content lost viability more rapidly and that drying at 50°C was not efficient in maintaining oil quality within the standards established by ANVISA for long periods of time but was able to drastically decrease the rate of oil deterioration, especially in terms of acidity index. In the second chapter, the fruits were harvested directly from the bunch, transported, selected, and sanitized. After these processes, the fruits were dried in a vertical dryer with forced air circulation and room temperature until reaching moisture levels of 16 and 12%. Afterward, they were stored under ambient conditions for up to 190 days. These treatments did not demonstrate efficacy in preserving oil quality for a sufficient period. However, a deceleration in the degradation rate was observed. The acidity index showed values above 5% from the zero time of storage, and oxidative stability remained above the 6 hours recommended by ANP for eight days when stored at 12% moisture and for four days when stored at 16%. An oil accumulation was noted up to 92 days of storage, with the most significant accumulation in fruits stored with 16% moisture. In the third chapter, macaúba fruits were harvested directly from the bunch, transported, selected, and sanitized. Subsequently, they were subjected to low-temperature drying in a vertical dryer with forced air circulation and room temperature until reaching a moisture content of 2%. Once this moisture level was reached, the fruits were stored in the same environment where drying occurred, simulating a dryer-silo storage system. The evaluation of oil quality involved analyses of acidity index, oxidative stability, and oil content. The acidity index results were satisfactory, remaining at acceptable levels for human consumption for up to six months of storage. Regarding oxidative stability, the oil remained within the appropriate parameters for the biofuel industry for approximately 17 days. As for oil content, different patterns were observed; while the drying period did not show a significant influence, the storage period had a negative impact on oil accumulation. Therefore, it is concluded that fruits stored in the dryer-silo storage system remained viable for a longer period. Hence, this treatment is recommended for macaúba fruits destined for biofuels production, human consumption as well as for use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. We concluded that low-temperature drying followed by storage under the same drying conditions was the most effective technique for maintaining the quality of macaúba oil over longer periods of time. Keywords: Acidity; Oxidation; Vegetable Oil; Quality; Technology; Temperature; Humidity.
The macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm tree native to the Brazilian cerrado that has been attracting interest from the agribusiness sector due to its high oil productivity per hectare and its cultivation system, which results in carbon sequestration. The oils extracted from both the pulp and the kernel of the fruits have characteristics that allow them to be used in human food, biofuel production, and the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. In order for its full potential to be commercially exploited, some gaps need to be filled, including the post-harvest process. Macaúba oil is highly perishable and requires rapid processing. Additionally, harvesting is only done once a year during the months of November to March depending on the region. These factors together increase the costs for installing macaúba processing industries, which need to be prepared for the rapid processing of fruits after harvesting and may result in idle periods during part of the year. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study different drying and storage technologies and their effects on oil quality in order to prolong the shelf life of oils extracted from macaúba pulp for as long as possible. Thus, this work was divided into three chapters. In the first, the effect of drying in a forced-air oven at 50°C and storage under different humidity conditions was evaluated. The fruits were harvested directly from the bunch, selected, and sanitized. After sanitation, the fruits underwent a ripening period of 15 days. After this time, the fruits were dried to moisture levels of 20, 18, 15, 12, and 10% and stored under ambient conditions for up to 240 days. Oil quality analysis was carried out through the variables of acidity index (AI), oxidative stability (OS), and oil content (OC). It was observed that fruits stored with higher moisture content lost viability more rapidly and that drying at 50°C was not efficient in maintaining oil quality within the standards established by ANVISA for long periods of time but was able to drastically decrease the rate of oil deterioration, especially in terms of acidity index. In the second chapter, the fruits were harvested directly from the bunch, transported, selected, and sanitized. After these processes, the fruits were dried in a vertical dryer with forced air circulation and room temperature until reaching moisture levels of 16 and 12%. Afterward, they were stored under ambient conditions for up to 190 days. These treatments did not demonstrate efficacy in preserving oil quality for a sufficient period. However, a deceleration in the degradation rate was observed. The acidity index showed values above 5% from the zero time of storage, and oxidative stability remained above the 6 hours recommended by ANP for eight days when stored at 12% moisture and for four days when stored at 16%. An oil accumulation was noted up to 92 days of storage, with the most significant accumulation in fruits stored with 16% moisture. In the third chapter, macaúba fruits were harvested directly from the bunch, transported, selected, and sanitized. Subsequently, they were subjected to low-temperature drying in a vertical dryer with forced air circulation and room temperature until reaching a moisture content of 2%. Once this moisture level was reached, the fruits were stored in the same environment where drying occurred, simulating a dryer-silo storage system. The evaluation of oil quality involved analyses of acidity index, oxidative stability, and oil content. The acidity index results were satisfactory, remaining at acceptable levels for human consumption for up to six months of storage. Regarding oxidative stability, the oil remained within the appropriate parameters for the biofuel industry for approximately 17 days. As for oil content, different patterns were observed; while the drying period did not show a significant influence, the storage period had a negative impact on oil accumulation. Therefore, it is concluded that fruits stored in the dryer-silo storage system remained viable for a longer period. Hence, this treatment is recommended for macaúba fruits destined for biofuels production, human consumption as well as for use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. We concluded that low-temperature drying followed by storage under the same drying conditions was the most effective technique for maintaining the quality of macaúba oil over longer periods of time. Keywords: Acidity; Oxidation; Vegetable Oil; Quality; Technology; Temperature; Humidity.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Macaúba - Secagem, Macaúba - Efeito da acidez dos solos, Oxidação, Óleos vegetais, Macaúba - Fisiologia pós-colheita - Qualidade
Citação
FRANCO, William Carlos Gonzaga. Metodologias de secagem e armazenamento na pós-colheita de frutos de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata). 2024. 84 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.