Rompimento, rejeito e resistência: monitoramento participativo da qualidade do solo em territórios atingidos por mineração na Bacia do Rio Paraopeba
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O rompimento da barragem B1 da Mina Córrego do Feijão de propriedade da empresa Vale S.A., em 2019, em Brumadinho (MG), foi um desastre-crime socioambiental de grande magnitude, com efeitos que ainda persistem nos solos, águas, agroecossistemas e nos modos de vida das populações da bacia do rio Paraopeba. Apesar dos vários estudos realizados após o desastre, as famílias atingidas seguem inseguras quanto ao uso do solo e da água, bem como ao consumo de alimentos produzidos nas áreas afetadas e quando poderão voltar a cultivar com segurança nesses locais. Os conhecimentos das famílias atingidas seguem marginalizados nos processos formais de avaliação e tomada de decisão que estão em curso no processo de reparação ambiental e socioeconômica. Neste cenário, o presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender os efeitos da deposição do rejeito sobre a qualidade física, química e funcional dos solos de propriedades da agricultura familiar afetadas na bacia, focando no fortalecimento da autonomia das famílias nas decisões sobre o manejo dos seus agroecossistemas. O estudo adotou a abordagem da pesquisa-ação, integrando entrevistas, análises físicas e químicas de solos e plantas, experimento em casa de vegetação e instrumentos participativos de monitoramento. A percepção das famílias atingidas resultou na identificação de 37 etnoindicadores de qualidade ambiental e social que podem ser usados para se avaliar os impactos causados pelo rejeito depositado. Esses etnoindicadores foram organizados em seis categorias (plantas, terra, águas, peixes, animais, e saúde, renda e convivência) e sistematizados na proposição de uma Caderneta de Monitoramento Ambiental Participativo. As análises conduzidas indicaram que os solos afetados pelo rejeito da mineração apresentaram maior teor de silte, maior densidade de partículas, aumento da microporosidade com consequente redução da macroporosidade funcional e menor condutividade hidráulica, além de enriquecimento em oito dos doze elementos químicos avaliados (Ni, Cr, Zn, V, Co, Fe, Mn e Cd). Os elementos químicos Ni, Cr, Zn e V foram considerados como os melhores indicadores do impacto ambiental nos solos atingidos, segundo os índices geoquímicos CF e PLI. Em experimento em casa de vegetação com plantas de milho crescendo em solos afetados pelos rejeitos, a adubação orgânica foi o fator de maior efeito em favorecer o crescimento das plantas, e o uso do milho crioulo nessas condições igualou ou superou o milho híbrido, sobretudo na produção de raízes. Três intercâmbios agroecológicos com as famílias atingidas foram realizados visando constituir o eixo participativo da presente pesquisa. Nesses eventos, as famílias e a equipe envolvida construíram coletivamente os etnoindicadores, validaram a Caderneta de Monitoramento Ambiental Participativo e dialogaram e trocaram experiências sobre os resultados obtidos nas análises de laboratório, produzindo conhecimento compartilhado sobre o território e os efeitos do rompimento da barragem de rejeitos nos agroecossistemas. As percepções das famílias quanto aos solos afetados pelos rejeitos terem se tornado "finos, poeirentos, sem força e sem vida" convergem com os resultados de laboratório e, em vários casos. A consolidação dos diferentes resultados obtidos permite concluir que houve perda significativa da qualidade dos solos afetados pelos rejeitos e que sua avaliação e a recuperação exigem monitoramento contínuo a partir da integração entre ciência e o conhecimento das famílias atingidas. Essa integração é fundamental para a efetiva reparação ambiental e soberania alimentar, bem como para a reconstrução dos modos de vida no território. Palavras-chave: etnoindicadores; pesquisa-ação; reparação socioambiental; elementos potencialmente tóxicos; Brumadinho.
The failure of tailings dam B1 at Vale S.A.’s Córrego do Feijão mine in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, in 2019 constituted a large-scale socio-environmental disaster-crime, with effects that persist in soils, water, agroecosystems, and the livelihoods of communities in the Paraopeba River basin. Despite numerous studies conducted since the disaster, affected families remain uncertain about the safe use of land and water, the consumption of food produced in affected areas, and when they will be able to restart cultivation in these locations without risk. The knowledge of affected families continues to be marginalized in formal assessment and decision-making processes underway in the environmental and socio-economic reparations framework. In this context, this study aimed to understand the effects of tailings deposition on the physical, chemical, and functional quality of soils on family farms affected in the basin, with a focus on strengthening household autonomy in decisions about managing their agroecosystems. The study adopted an action-research approach, integrating interviews, physical and chemical analyses of soils and plants, a greenhouse experiment, and participatory monitoring tools. Affected families’ perceptions led to the identification of 37 ethno-indicators of environmental and social quality that can be used to assess the impacts caused by the deposited tailings. These ethno-indicators were organized into six categories (plants, soil, water, fish, animals, health, income, and social relations) and systematized into a Participatory Environmental Monitoring Notebook (Caderneta de Monitoramento Ambiental Participativo). Laboratory analyses indicated that soils affected by mining tailings exhibited higher silt content, greater particle density, increased microporosity with a consequent reduction in functional macroporosity and lower hydraulic conductivity. These soils were also enriched in eight of the twelve evaluated chemical elements (Ni, Cr, Zn, V, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cd). Among these, Ni, Cr, Zn, and V were identified as the most effective indicators of environmental impact in affected soils, according to the geochemical indices CF (Contamination Factor) and PLI (Pollution Load Index). In a greenhouse experiment with maize grown in tailings-affected soils, organic fertilization promoted the strongest positive effect on plant growth. Under these conditions, the use of landrace maize matched orout performed hybrid maize, particularly in root production. Three agroecological exchange events with affected families were conducted to establish the participatory core of this research. In these meetings, families and the research team collectively constructed the ethno-indicators, validated the Participatory Environmental Monitoring Notebook, and discussed and exchanged experiences on the laboratory results, generating shared knowledge about the territory and the effects of the tailings dam failure on agroecosystems. Families’ perceptions that soils affected by tailings had become “fine, dusty, lacking strength and life” converged with laboratory findings and, in several cases, extended their interpretive reach. Taken together, the results allow us to conclude that there was a significant loss of quality in soils affected by tailings, and that their assessment and recovery require continuous monitoring based on the integration of scientific data and the knowledge of affected families. This integration is essential for effective environmental reparations and food sovereignty, as well as for the reconstruction of livelihoods in the territory. Keywords: ethnoindicators; action-research; socio-environmental reparation; potentially toxic elements; Brumadinho.
The failure of tailings dam B1 at Vale S.A.’s Córrego do Feijão mine in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, in 2019 constituted a large-scale socio-environmental disaster-crime, with effects that persist in soils, water, agroecosystems, and the livelihoods of communities in the Paraopeba River basin. Despite numerous studies conducted since the disaster, affected families remain uncertain about the safe use of land and water, the consumption of food produced in affected areas, and when they will be able to restart cultivation in these locations without risk. The knowledge of affected families continues to be marginalized in formal assessment and decision-making processes underway in the environmental and socio-economic reparations framework. In this context, this study aimed to understand the effects of tailings deposition on the physical, chemical, and functional quality of soils on family farms affected in the basin, with a focus on strengthening household autonomy in decisions about managing their agroecosystems. The study adopted an action-research approach, integrating interviews, physical and chemical analyses of soils and plants, a greenhouse experiment, and participatory monitoring tools. Affected families’ perceptions led to the identification of 37 ethno-indicators of environmental and social quality that can be used to assess the impacts caused by the deposited tailings. These ethno-indicators were organized into six categories (plants, soil, water, fish, animals, health, income, and social relations) and systematized into a Participatory Environmental Monitoring Notebook (Caderneta de Monitoramento Ambiental Participativo). Laboratory analyses indicated that soils affected by mining tailings exhibited higher silt content, greater particle density, increased microporosity with a consequent reduction in functional macroporosity and lower hydraulic conductivity. These soils were also enriched in eight of the twelve evaluated chemical elements (Ni, Cr, Zn, V, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cd). Among these, Ni, Cr, Zn, and V were identified as the most effective indicators of environmental impact in affected soils, according to the geochemical indices CF (Contamination Factor) and PLI (Pollution Load Index). In a greenhouse experiment with maize grown in tailings-affected soils, organic fertilization promoted the strongest positive effect on plant growth. Under these conditions, the use of landrace maize matched orout performed hybrid maize, particularly in root production. Three agroecological exchange events with affected families were conducted to establish the participatory core of this research. In these meetings, families and the research team collectively constructed the ethno-indicators, validated the Participatory Environmental Monitoring Notebook, and discussed and exchanged experiences on the laboratory results, generating shared knowledge about the territory and the effects of the tailings dam failure on agroecosystems. Families’ perceptions that soils affected by tailings had become “fine, dusty, lacking strength and life” converged with laboratory findings and, in several cases, extended their interpretive reach. Taken together, the results allow us to conclude that there was a significant loss of quality in soils affected by tailings, and that their assessment and recovery require continuous monitoring based on the integration of scientific data and the knowledge of affected families. This integration is essential for effective environmental reparations and food sovereignty, as well as for the reconstruction of livelihoods in the territory. Keywords: ethnoindicators; action-research; socio-environmental reparation; potentially toxic elements; Brumadinho.
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OLIVEIRA, Maria Nascimento. Rompimento, rejeito e resistência: monitoramento participativo da qualidade do solo em territórios atingidos por mineração na Bacia do Rio Paraopeba. 2026. 184 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
