Emergência da esporotricose zoonótica no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais: epidemiologia e fatores de risco associados
Loading...
Date
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Esporotricose é uma micose causada por fungos dimórficos do gênero Sporothrix e reconhecida como problema de saúde pública no Brasil. O presente estudo forneceu as primeiras evidências epidemiológicas formais da ocorrência de esporotricose felina na zona urbana do município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, com 25 notificações e sete casos confirmados. O fluxo de notificações e investigações evidenciou a importância de diferentes fontes de seleção de casos suspeitos, incluindo campanha de vacinação antirrábica, estabelecimentos veterinários, Organizações da Sociedade Civil de proteção animal e visitas domiciliares de Agentes de Combate a Endemias. Ao longo do estudo foram incorporadas notificações por demanda espontânea da população, configurando fonte adicional de seleção de casos fora do fluxo formal de vigilância. A campanha de vacinação foi a principal fonte, com dez notificações, mas concentrou os registros que não avançaram para investigação, reduzindo a proporção de notificações avaliadas. Das 25 notificações, 19 (76,0%) foram investigadas e sete (36,8%) foram confirmadas como esporotricose felina por cultura fúngica, exame citopatológico ou combinação de ambos, enquanto as demais corresponderam a outras dermatopatias, reforçando a importância do diagnóstico laboratorial para confirmação da doença e manejo clínico. A análise dos fatores de risco indicou padrão de exposição semelhante ao descrito em outras regiões brasileiras com transmissão zoonótica estabelecida. A condição errante do gato foi o fator mais fortemente associado à doença (OR = 23,25; p = 0,001), seguida da ausência de castração (OR = 10,38; p = 0,027). Variáveis relacionadas à circulação em ambiente externo também apresentaram razões de chances elevadas, compondo o perfil típico de animais jovens, inteiros e com maior exposição a outros felinos. Em conjunto, essas associações e a maior frequência de casos em machos jovens semidomiciliados ou errantes sustentam o papel de brigas e outras interações agressivas em ambientes externos como via de transmissão entre gatos. No entorno domiciliar, a vizinhança imediata com terrenos baldios apresentou associação com a ocorrência da enfermidade (OR = 6,96; p = 0,043), devendo ser interpretada como marcador de contexto urbano degradado e de maior circulação e agregação de gatos, o que pode aumentar a probabilidade de contato com animais infectados e favorecer a dinâmica de transmissão local. A caracterização molecular de cinco culturas fúngicas permitiu identificar dois isolados com padrão de amplificação compatível com Sporothrix brasiliensis em PCR espécie específica do gene parcial da Calmodulina. Esses dois isolados eram de animais atendidos em Viçosa, porém originários de Belo Horizonte (MG) e de Cariacica (ES), enquanto nos demais três, provenientes de gatos residentes em Viçosa, não foi possível determinar a espécie. Sporothrix brasiliensis é a espécie associada à epidemia zoonótica de esporotricose no Brasil, e sua identificação em casos alóctones atendidos no município reforça a necessidade de manter a esporotricose felina sob monitoramento e incluí-la na rotina diagnóstica local. O conjunto dos achados oferece um panorama inicial da esporotricose felina em Viçosa e aponta a necessidade de consolidar fluxos de notificação e investigação de casos suspeitos, ampliar o acesso ao diagnóstico laboratorial e integrar ações entre vigilância ambiental, unidades de atendimento veterinário e comunidade. O enfrentamento da esporotricose em Viçosa deve, portanto, ser conduzido sob a perspectiva de Saúde Única, combinando manejo populacional de gatos, vigilância ativa e intervenções em áreas mais vulneráveis. Palavras-chave: esporotricose zoonótica ; fatores de risco ; vigilância ; saúde única.
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix and is recognized as a public health problem in Brazil. This study provided the first formal epidemiological evidence of feline sporotrichosis in the urban area of the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, with 25 notifications and seven confirmed cases. The notification and investigation flow highlighted the importance of different sources for identifying suspected cases, including the municipal rabies vaccination campaign, veterinary facilities, animal-protection civil society organizations, and household visits conducted by endemic disease control agents. Throughout the study, notifications arising from spontaneous demand by the population were incorporated, configuring an additional source of case selection outside the formal surveillance flow. The vaccination campaign was the main source, with ten notifications, but it concentrated the records that did not advance to investigation, reducing the proportion of notifications assessed. Of the 25 notifications, 19 (76.0%) were investigated and seven (36.8%) were confirmed as feline sporotrichosis by fungal culture, cytopathological examination, or a combination of both, while the remaining cases corresponded to other dermatoses, reinforcing the importance of laboratory diagnosis for disease confirmation and clinical management. Risk factor analysis indicated an exposure pattern similar to that described in other Brazilian regions with established zoonotic transmission. The cat’s stray status was the factor most strongly associated with disease (OR = 23.25; p = 0.001), followed by lack of neutering (OR = 10.38; p = 0.027). Variables related to outdoor roaming also showed high odds ratios, composing the typical profile of young, intact animals with greater exposure to other cats. Together, these associations and the higher frequency of cases among young, semi-domiciled or stray male cats support the role of fights and other aggressive interactions in outdoor environments as a route of transmission between cats. In the household surroundings, immediate proximity to vacant lots was associated with disease occurrence (OR = 6.96; p = 0.043) and should be interpreted as a marker of a degraded urban context and increased cat circulation and aggregation, which may increase the likelihood of contact with infected animals and favor local transmission dynamics. Molecular characterization of five fungal cultures identified two isolates with an amplification pattern compatible with Sporothrix brasiliensis in a species-specific PCR targeting the partial calmodulin gene. These two isolates were from animals attended in Viçosa but originating from Belo Horizonte (MG) and Cariacica (ES), whereas in the other three isolates from cats residing in Viçosa, species determination was not possible. Sporothrix brasiliensis is the species associated with the zoonotic sporotrichosis epidemic in Brazil, and its identification in allochthonous cases attended in the municipality reinforces the need to keep feline sporotrichosis under surveillance and to include it in the local diagnostic routine. Overall, the findings provide an initial overview of feline sporotrichosis in Viçosa and indicate the need to consolidate notification and investigation flows for suspected cases, expand access to laboratory diagnosis, and integrate actions between environmental surveillance, veterinary care services, and the community. Therefore, the control of sporotrichosis in Viçosa should be conducted under a One Health perspective, combining cat population management, active surveillance, and interventions in more vulnerable areas. Keywords: zoonotic sporotrichosis ; risk factors ; surveillance ; one health
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix and is recognized as a public health problem in Brazil. This study provided the first formal epidemiological evidence of feline sporotrichosis in the urban area of the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, with 25 notifications and seven confirmed cases. The notification and investigation flow highlighted the importance of different sources for identifying suspected cases, including the municipal rabies vaccination campaign, veterinary facilities, animal-protection civil society organizations, and household visits conducted by endemic disease control agents. Throughout the study, notifications arising from spontaneous demand by the population were incorporated, configuring an additional source of case selection outside the formal surveillance flow. The vaccination campaign was the main source, with ten notifications, but it concentrated the records that did not advance to investigation, reducing the proportion of notifications assessed. Of the 25 notifications, 19 (76.0%) were investigated and seven (36.8%) were confirmed as feline sporotrichosis by fungal culture, cytopathological examination, or a combination of both, while the remaining cases corresponded to other dermatoses, reinforcing the importance of laboratory diagnosis for disease confirmation and clinical management. Risk factor analysis indicated an exposure pattern similar to that described in other Brazilian regions with established zoonotic transmission. The cat’s stray status was the factor most strongly associated with disease (OR = 23.25; p = 0.001), followed by lack of neutering (OR = 10.38; p = 0.027). Variables related to outdoor roaming also showed high odds ratios, composing the typical profile of young, intact animals with greater exposure to other cats. Together, these associations and the higher frequency of cases among young, semi-domiciled or stray male cats support the role of fights and other aggressive interactions in outdoor environments as a route of transmission between cats. In the household surroundings, immediate proximity to vacant lots was associated with disease occurrence (OR = 6.96; p = 0.043) and should be interpreted as a marker of a degraded urban context and increased cat circulation and aggregation, which may increase the likelihood of contact with infected animals and favor local transmission dynamics. Molecular characterization of five fungal cultures identified two isolates with an amplification pattern compatible with Sporothrix brasiliensis in a species-specific PCR targeting the partial calmodulin gene. These two isolates were from animals attended in Viçosa but originating from Belo Horizonte (MG) and Cariacica (ES), whereas in the other three isolates from cats residing in Viçosa, species determination was not possible. Sporothrix brasiliensis is the species associated with the zoonotic sporotrichosis epidemic in Brazil, and its identification in allochthonous cases attended in the municipality reinforces the need to keep feline sporotrichosis under surveillance and to include it in the local diagnostic routine. Overall, the findings provide an initial overview of feline sporotrichosis in Viçosa and indicate the need to consolidate notification and investigation flows for suspected cases, expand access to laboratory diagnosis, and integrate actions between environmental surveillance, veterinary care services, and the community. Therefore, the control of sporotrichosis in Viçosa should be conducted under a One Health perspective, combining cat population management, active surveillance, and interventions in more vulnerable areas. Keywords: zoonotic sporotrichosis ; risk factors ; surveillance ; one health
Description
Citation
BOHNENBERGER, Ingrid Bitencourt. Emergência da esporotricose zoonótica no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais: epidemiologia e fatores de risco associados. 2025. 137 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
