Interação patógeno-abelha-pesticida: a supressão de apoptose pelo patógeno Nosema ceranae no intestino médio suceptibiliza o hospedeiro Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) na ação tóxica e histopatológica do inseticida ciantraniliprole
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
As populações de abelhas estão ameaçadas por estressores como pesticidas, redução de diversidade de recursos e patógenos. Alguns estressores podem atuar fragilizando as abelhas a ação de outros estressores. Dentre os inseticidas, ciantraniliprole atua em canais de cálcio ligantes de rianodina das células musculares, causando a morte do inseto. O microsporídeo Nosema ceranae é patógeno da abelha Apis mellifera responsável pela nosemose, sendo parasita intracelular do epitélio do intestino médio, causando danos à s células, com capacidade de reduzir a morte celular por apoptose, um mecanismo de defesa contra patógenos intracelulares. A redução de apoptose por N. ceranae pode inviabilizar um dos mecanismos fisiológicos pelos quais as abelhas contrapõem a ação de pesticidas. O objetivo foi testar a hipótese da supressão da apoptose do epitélio do intestino médio das abelhas por N. ceranae como mecanismo causal responsável pela fragilização das abelhas a ação do inseticida ciantraniliprole. Especificamente foram avaliadas supressão da apoptose e danos histopatológicos no intestino médio de operárias de A. mellifera. Abelhas infectadas por N. ceranae tiveram sobrevivência reduzida após a exposição a apenas uma das concentrações subletais testadas de ciantraniliprole. Abelhas infectadas e expostas à concentração subletal deletéria de ciatraniliprole apresentaram menor ativação da via apoptótica na porção anterior do intestino médio que abelhas apenas expostas ao inseticida e maior ativação da via na porção posterior que abelhas apenas apenas infectadas. As porções medial e posterior do intestino médio de abelhas infectadas e expostas ao inseticida em concentração subletal deletéria apresentaram menor ativação da via apoptótica que abelhas apenas expostas ao inseticida. Esses resultados evidenciam que o padrão diferencial de colonização do epitélio intestinal pelo patógeno influencia a capacidade de redução de apoptose e o processo de interação do hospedeiro com o pesticida, onde em regiões de maior colonização o epitélio é incapaz de mitigar, com impactos histopatológicos, comprometendo a fisiologia do órgão. Além disso, a associação deletéria entre patógeno-pesticida é concentração- dependente. As implicações histopatológicas do trabalho indicam tanto que as porções do intestino médio precisam ser consideradas quanto que alguns parâmetros histopatológicos como a vacuolização citoplasmática são responsivas ao efeito de ambos os estressores associados, enquanto a fragmentação celular não. O índice de lesão se mostrou uma métrica eficiente para avaliar o estresse do órgão, porém seu significado é dependente da interpretação de cada um dos parâmetros utilizados em seu cálculo. Em conclusão , N. ceranae tem potencial de fragilizar as abelhas a ação do ciantraniliprole, tornando esse patógeno de abelhas chave em contextos de múltiplos estressores nos quais as abelhas podem se encontrar inseridas . Palavras-chave: Microsporídio; Intestino médio; Caspase-3; Histopatologia; Associação patógeno-pesticida.
Bee populations are threatened by stressors, including pesticides, reduced resource diversity, and pathogens. Some stressors may weaken bees to the action of others . Among insecticides, cyantraniliprole acts on ryanodine-binding calcium channels in muscle cells, causing the death of the insect. The microsporidium Nosema ceranae is a pathogen of the honeybee Apis mellifera responsible for nosemosis, being an intracellular parasite of the midgut epithelium, causing damage to cells, with the ability to reduce cell death by apoptosis, a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. The reduction of apoptosis by N. ceranae may render unviable one of the physiological mechanisms by which bees have to mitigate the action of pesticides. The objective was to test the hypothesis that the apoptosis suppression in the midgut epithelium of host bees by N. ceranae is a causal mechanism responsible for increase the honeybee susceptibility to the insecticide cyantraniliprole. More specifically, the apoptosis suppression and the histopathology in the midgut of the bees were evaluated . Bees infected with N. ceranae present reduced survival after exposure to only one of the tested sublethal concentrations of cyantraniliprole. Bees both infected and exposed to a deleterious sublethal concentration of cyantraniliprole have activation of the apoptotic pathway in the anterior midgut portion than bees only exposed to the insecticide and higher apotosis activation o in the posterior midgut than bees only infected. The medial and posterior midgut portions of bees infected and exposed to the insecticide at a deleterious sublethal concentration present lower apoptosis than bees only exposed to the insecticide. These results reveal that the differential pattern of colonization of the midgut epithelium by N. cerananae influences the ability to reduce apoptosis and the host interaction process with the insecticide , where in regions of hig pathogen colonization the midgut is unable to mitigate it effects, with histopathological impacts, compromising the physiology of the organ. In addition, the deleterious association between pathogen and pesticide is concentration-dependent. The histopathological implications of the study indicate that the midgut portions need to be considered and that some histopathological parameters such as cytoplasmic vacuolization are responsive to the effect of both associated stressors, while cellular fragmentation is not. The lesion index proved to be an efficient metric for assessing organ stress, but its significance depends on the interpretation of each of the parameters used in its calculation. Therefore, N. ceranae has the potential to weaken honeybees to the action of cyantraniliprole, making this pathogen key in contexts of multiple stressors in which bees may find themselves. Keywords: Microsporidium; Midgut; Caspase-3; Histopathology; Pathogen-pesticide association
Bee populations are threatened by stressors, including pesticides, reduced resource diversity, and pathogens. Some stressors may weaken bees to the action of others . Among insecticides, cyantraniliprole acts on ryanodine-binding calcium channels in muscle cells, causing the death of the insect. The microsporidium Nosema ceranae is a pathogen of the honeybee Apis mellifera responsible for nosemosis, being an intracellular parasite of the midgut epithelium, causing damage to cells, with the ability to reduce cell death by apoptosis, a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. The reduction of apoptosis by N. ceranae may render unviable one of the physiological mechanisms by which bees have to mitigate the action of pesticides. The objective was to test the hypothesis that the apoptosis suppression in the midgut epithelium of host bees by N. ceranae is a causal mechanism responsible for increase the honeybee susceptibility to the insecticide cyantraniliprole. More specifically, the apoptosis suppression and the histopathology in the midgut of the bees were evaluated . Bees infected with N. ceranae present reduced survival after exposure to only one of the tested sublethal concentrations of cyantraniliprole. Bees both infected and exposed to a deleterious sublethal concentration of cyantraniliprole have activation of the apoptotic pathway in the anterior midgut portion than bees only exposed to the insecticide and higher apotosis activation o in the posterior midgut than bees only infected. The medial and posterior midgut portions of bees infected and exposed to the insecticide at a deleterious sublethal concentration present lower apoptosis than bees only exposed to the insecticide. These results reveal that the differential pattern of colonization of the midgut epithelium by N. cerananae influences the ability to reduce apoptosis and the host interaction process with the insecticide , where in regions of hig pathogen colonization the midgut is unable to mitigate it effects, with histopathological impacts, compromising the physiology of the organ. In addition, the deleterious association between pathogen and pesticide is concentration-dependent. The histopathological implications of the study indicate that the midgut portions need to be considered and that some histopathological parameters such as cytoplasmic vacuolization are responsive to the effect of both associated stressors, while cellular fragmentation is not. The lesion index proved to be an efficient metric for assessing organ stress, but its significance depends on the interpretation of each of the parameters used in its calculation. Therefore, N. ceranae has the potential to weaken honeybees to the action of cyantraniliprole, making this pathogen key in contexts of multiple stressors in which bees may find themselves. Keywords: Microsporidium; Midgut; Caspase-3; Histopathology; Pathogen-pesticide association
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Citation
RESENDE, Matheus Tudor Cândido Santos de. Interação patógeno-abelha-pesticida: a supressão de apoptose pelo patógeno Nosema ceranae no intestino médio suceptibiliza o hospedeiro Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) na ação tóxica e histopatológica do inseticida ciantraniliprole. 2025. 99 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biologia Celular e Estrutural) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
