Atividade protetora do eugenol contra toxicidade hepática e reprodutiva induzida por mercúrio em ratos Wistar machos
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O mercúrio é um metal tóxico amplamente encontrado na natureza nas formas inorgânica, orgânica e elementar. Este metal pode causar sérios danos à órgãos vitais, como o fígado, e também, ao aparelho reprodutor masculino. Entre os mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos nocivos causados pelo mercúrio, o estresse oxidativo destaca-se como um dos principais. O mercúrio causa aumento da geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e interfere na atividade de diferentes enzimas antioxidantes. Compostos que apresentam propriedades antioxidantes, como o eugenol, interagem rapidamente com espécies reativas de oxigênio, protegendo estruturas celulares contra danos oxidativos. Neste contexto, considerando os impactos que o mercúrio provoca na saúde humana, principalmente através de mecanismos oxidativos, estudos experimentais tornam-se cruciais para investigação da atividade protetora de agentes antioxidantes como o eugenol, em um contexto de toxicidade induzida por mercúrio. Por isso, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da exposição ao eugenol e mercúrio, separadamente e simultaneamente, sobre parâmetros hepáticos, uma vez que o fígado é um órgão central na desintoxicação do organismo, e reprodutivos, considerando o aparelho reprodutor masculino como um alvo crítico da toxicidade do mercúrio. Quarenta ratos Wistar machos (~100 dias de idade), foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n=10/grupo): controle, eugenol, mercúrio e eugenol + mercúrio. Os ratos receberam por gavagem, respectivamente, 0,5 mL de Tween-20 a 2% (veículo), 0,5 mL de eugenol, concentração de 10 mg Kg-1, 0,5 mL de mercúrio (Cloreto de mercúrio - HgCl2), na concentração de 0,6 mg Kg-1, e os dois compostos (mesmo volume) nas suas respectivas concentrações. A exposição aos dois compostos ocorreu respeitando um intervalo de 30 minutos entre a ingestão de 0,5 mL de eugenol e de 0,5 mL de mercúrio (CEUA nº 06/2024). Após o período experimental de 30 dias (exposição subaguda), os fígados, testículos e epidídimos foram coletados e análises bioquímicas, histológicas e enzimáticas foram realizadas, além de determinar a proporção de mercúrio e outros microelementos no fígado dos animais. Ainda, amostras de espermatozoides foram também coletadas para avaliar viabilidade, motilidade e morfologia. Os dados foram analisados pela análise de variância (ANOVA) unidirecional, seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey e as diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p < 0,05. Os resultados mostram que o eugenol foi capaz de reduzir o acúmulo do mercúrio no fígado e reduzir significativamente as concentrações de marcadores de estresse oxidativo, como malondialdeído e óxido nítrico, elevados pela ação deste metal. Histologicamente, ratos expostos ao mercúrio exibiram lesões hepáticas em maior número e diversidade, como hemorragia, enquanto aqueles expostos ao eugenol apresentaram aspectos histológicos mais preservados. No aparelho reprodutor masculino, a exposição ao mercúrio reduziu a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, como a superóxido dismutase e aumentou as concentrações de óxido nítrico. Ainda, a ingestão do metal afetou parâmetros espermáticos, causando diminuição da motilidade. A exposição ao eugenol mitigou os danos oxidativos e preservou a integridade histológica dos órgãos. Além disso, o eugenol melhorou a motilidade espermática, neutralizando os danos induzidos pelo mercúrio. Essas descobertas sugerem que o eugenol é um agente eficaz na proteção contra toxicidade hepática e reprodutiva induzida por mercúrio, enfatizando sua relevância para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de proteção contra poluentes ambientais. Palavras-chave: Hepatócito; Testículo; Histologia; Estresse oxidativo; Espermatozoides
Mercury is a toxic metal widely found in nature in inorganic, organic, and elemental forms. This metal can cause severe damage to vital organs, such as the liver, and also to the male reproductive system. Among the mechanisms involved in the harmful effects caused by mercury, oxidative stress stands out as one of the main ones. The metal increases the production of reactive oxygen species and interferes with the activity of different antioxidant enzymes. Compounds with antioxidant properties like eugenol interact rapidly with reactive oxygen species, protecting cellular structures against oxidative damage. In this context, considering the impacts that mercury causes on human health, mainly through oxidative stress, experimental studies become crucial to investigate the protective activity of antioxidant agents, such as eugenol, in the context of mercury-induced toxicity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure to eugenol and mercury, separately and simultaneously, on hepatic parameters, since the liver is a central organ in the detoxification of the organism, and reproductive parameters, considering the male reproductive system as a critical target of mercury toxicity. Forty male Wistar rats (~100 days of age) were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=10/group): control, eugenol, mercury, and eugenol + mercury. The rats received by gavage, respectively, 0.5 mL of 2% Tween-20 (vehicle), 0.5 mL of eugenol, a concentration of 10 mg Kg-1, 0.5 mL of mercury (Mercuric chloride - HgCl2), at a concentration of 0.6 mg Kg-1, and the two compounds (same volume) and at their respective concentrations. Exposure to both compounds occurred via gavage, respecting a 30-minute interval between the ingestion of 0.5 mL of eugenol and 0.5 mL of mercury (CEUA no. 06/2024). After the 30-day experimental period (subacute exposure), the livers, testes, and epididymis were collected, and biochemical, histological, and enzymatic analyses were performed, in addition to the determining the proportion of mercury and other microelements in the animals' livers. Furthermore, sperm samples were also collected to assess viability, motility, and morphology. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test, and differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. The results show that eugenol reduced mercury accumulation in the liver and the concentrations of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, elevated by the action of this metal. Histologically, rats exposed to mercury exhibited a greater number and diversity of liver lesions, such as hemorrhage, while those exposed to eugenol showed preserved histological aspects. In the male reproductive tract, mercury exposure reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, and increased nitric oxide concentrations. Furthermore, metal ingestion affected sperm parameters, causing decreased motility. Exposure to eugenol mitigated oxidative damage and preserved the histological integrity of the testes and epididymis. Furthermore, eugenol improved sperm motility, counteracting mercury- induced damage. These findings suggest that eugenol is an effective agent in protecting against mercury-induced liver and reproductive toxicity, emphasizing its relevance for developing protective strategies against environmental pollutants. Keywords: Hepatocyte; Testis; Histology; Oxidative stress; Sperm
Mercury is a toxic metal widely found in nature in inorganic, organic, and elemental forms. This metal can cause severe damage to vital organs, such as the liver, and also to the male reproductive system. Among the mechanisms involved in the harmful effects caused by mercury, oxidative stress stands out as one of the main ones. The metal increases the production of reactive oxygen species and interferes with the activity of different antioxidant enzymes. Compounds with antioxidant properties like eugenol interact rapidly with reactive oxygen species, protecting cellular structures against oxidative damage. In this context, considering the impacts that mercury causes on human health, mainly through oxidative stress, experimental studies become crucial to investigate the protective activity of antioxidant agents, such as eugenol, in the context of mercury-induced toxicity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure to eugenol and mercury, separately and simultaneously, on hepatic parameters, since the liver is a central organ in the detoxification of the organism, and reproductive parameters, considering the male reproductive system as a critical target of mercury toxicity. Forty male Wistar rats (~100 days of age) were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=10/group): control, eugenol, mercury, and eugenol + mercury. The rats received by gavage, respectively, 0.5 mL of 2% Tween-20 (vehicle), 0.5 mL of eugenol, a concentration of 10 mg Kg-1, 0.5 mL of mercury (Mercuric chloride - HgCl2), at a concentration of 0.6 mg Kg-1, and the two compounds (same volume) and at their respective concentrations. Exposure to both compounds occurred via gavage, respecting a 30-minute interval between the ingestion of 0.5 mL of eugenol and 0.5 mL of mercury (CEUA no. 06/2024). After the 30-day experimental period (subacute exposure), the livers, testes, and epididymis were collected, and biochemical, histological, and enzymatic analyses were performed, in addition to the determining the proportion of mercury and other microelements in the animals' livers. Furthermore, sperm samples were also collected to assess viability, motility, and morphology. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test, and differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. The results show that eugenol reduced mercury accumulation in the liver and the concentrations of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, elevated by the action of this metal. Histologically, rats exposed to mercury exhibited a greater number and diversity of liver lesions, such as hemorrhage, while those exposed to eugenol showed preserved histological aspects. In the male reproductive tract, mercury exposure reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, and increased nitric oxide concentrations. Furthermore, metal ingestion affected sperm parameters, causing decreased motility. Exposure to eugenol mitigated oxidative damage and preserved the histological integrity of the testes and epididymis. Furthermore, eugenol improved sperm motility, counteracting mercury- induced damage. These findings suggest that eugenol is an effective agent in protecting against mercury-induced liver and reproductive toxicity, emphasizing its relevance for developing protective strategies against environmental pollutants. Keywords: Hepatocyte; Testis; Histology; Oxidative stress; Sperm
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LOPES, Izabela da Silva. Atividade protetora do eugenol contra toxicidade hepática e reprodutiva induzida por mercúrio em ratos Wistar machos. 2025. 95 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Celular e Estrutural) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
