Tributação de alimentos e obesidade no Brasil: um estudo de simulação de políticas fiscais de alimentos na predição da obesidade
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A obesidade figura entre os principais desafios da saúde pública mundial e também pode ser entendida como uma manifestação de insegurança alimentar. Uma das estratégias que podem contribuir para o controle da obesidade é a aplicação de medidas fiscais de alimentos, na forma de tributação e subsídios. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes cenários de taxações e subsídios sobre alimentos na aquisição, no consumo alimentar e na prevalência de obesidade em brasileiros adultos. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática sobre os efeitos da aplicação de subsídios a alimentos saudáveis na compra, no consumo e na prevalência de obesidade e alterações no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), na população adulta mundial. A revisão seguiu as recomendações do Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) e as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). O registo dessa se encontra no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) sob o número CRD42020206151. Cinco bases de dados foram utilizadas para a pesquisa: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Embase, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) e Google Scholar. Realizou-se a avaliação de risco de viés por meio das ferramentas Critical Appraisal Tools, do Joanna Briggs Institute, e análise de qualidade por uma ferramenta estabelecida em revisões publicadas anteriormente sobre o assunto. Mediante os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2017-2018, realizou-se a estimação de um sistema de demanda para 19 grupos de alimentos adquiridos nos domicílios brasileiros, usando o Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Os preços dos grupos foram obtidos a partir dos valores unitários pagos pelos domicílios, ajustados pelo método de correção de preços proposto por Cox e Wohlgenant. O preço médio estadual do grupo alimentar no estado correspondente substituiu os valores unitários ausentes. O gasto total com alimentos foi considerado um proxy para a renda familiar e características sociodemográficas, econômicas e geográficas dos domicílios foram incorporadas como variáveis explicativas no modelo. As elasticidades-preço própria e cruzada foram calculadas para a população geral e estratificada pelo status de segurança alimentar. Foram simulados quatro cenários de taxação e subsídios, avaliando o impacto sobre as quantidades consumidas, o consumo calórico, as mudanças no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e a prevalência de obesidade em adultos brasileiros. Os resultados da revisão sistemática mostraram um aumento na demanda, na compra e no consumo dos alimentos subsidiados. Também houve aumento no consumo de calorias, proteínas e fibras. Contudo, também se observou um aumento no consumo de alguns nutrientes indesejáveis como gordura saturada e sódio. Os estudos que avaliaram mudanças no IMC foram controversos. Em relação às elasticidades calculadas, todas foram negativas e estatisticamente significativas no nível de 1%. Os grupos mais elásticos foram “oleaginosas” (-5,031), seguidos por “leguminosas” (-1,657) e “cereais” (-1,564). Os domicílios com insegurança alimentar grave foram mais sensíveis às variações de preço em “oleaginosas” (-3,951), “frutas” (-1,871) e “raízes e tubérculos” (-1,713). Foram observadas relações de substituição, como entre “leguminosas” e “oleaginosas” (0,186), e de complementaridade como entre “frutas” e “vegetais” (-0,069). Os domicílios em insegurança alimentar leve Palavras-chave: taxação; subsídio; segurança alimentar; Almost Ideal Demand System; POF 2017-2018; modelagem de cenários; índice de massa corporal
Obesity is one of the main challenges to global public health and can also be understood as a manifestation of food insecurity. One of the strategies that can contribute to controlling obesity is the application of food fiscal measures, in the form of taxation and subsidies. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the application of different scenarios of taxation and subsidies on food on the acquisition, food consumption, and prevalence of obesity in adult Brazilians. A systematic review was carried out on the effects of the application of subsidies to healthy foods on the purchase, consumption, and prevalence of obesity and changes in the Body Mass Index (BMI) in the adult population worldwide. The review followed the recommendations of the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The registration of this review is in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD42020206151. Five databases were used for the research: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), and Google Scholar. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Critical Appraisal Tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute, and quality analysis was performed using a tool established in previously published reviews on the subject. Using data from the 2017-2018 Household Budget Survey (POF), a demand system was estimated for 19 food groups purchased in Brazilian households, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). The prices of the groups were obtained from the unit values paid by households, adjusted by the price correction method proposed by Cox and Wohlgenant. The average state price of the food group in the corresponding state replaced the missing unit values. Total food expenditure was considered a proxy for household income, and the model incorporated household sociodemographic, economic, and geographic characteristics as explanatory variables. Own-price and cross-price elasticities were calculated for the general population and stratified by food security status. Four taxation and subsidy scenarios were simulated, assessing the impact on quantities consumed, caloric intake, changes in Body Mass Index (BMI), and the prevalence of obesity in Brazilian adults. The results of the systematic review showed an increase in demand, purchase, and consumption of subsidized foods. There was also an increase in the consumption of calories, proteins, and fibers. However, an increase in the consumption of some undesirable nutrients, such as saturated fat and sodium, was also observed. Studies that evaluated changes in BMI were controversial. Regarding the calculated elasticities, all were negative and statistically significant at the 1% level. The most elastic groups were “oilseeds” (-5.031), followed by “legumes” (-1.657) and “cereals” (-1.564). Households with severe food insecurity were more sensitive to price changes in “oilseeds” (-3.951), “fruits” (-1.871), and “roots and tubers” (-1.713). Substitution relationships were observed, such as between “legumes” and “oilseeds” (0.186), and complementarity relationships, such as between “fruits” and “vegetables” (-0.069). Households with mild food insecurity showed a higher number of substitution and complementarity relationships between food groups. Among food-secure individuals, reductions in caloric intake were more significant in Scenarios 1 to 3, reaching -72.1 kcal/day with the UPP tax rate of 3 Keywords: taxation; subsidy; food security; Almost Ideal Demand System; POF 2017- 2018; scenario modeling; body mass index.
Obesity is one of the main challenges to global public health and can also be understood as a manifestation of food insecurity. One of the strategies that can contribute to controlling obesity is the application of food fiscal measures, in the form of taxation and subsidies. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the application of different scenarios of taxation and subsidies on food on the acquisition, food consumption, and prevalence of obesity in adult Brazilians. A systematic review was carried out on the effects of the application of subsidies to healthy foods on the purchase, consumption, and prevalence of obesity and changes in the Body Mass Index (BMI) in the adult population worldwide. The review followed the recommendations of the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The registration of this review is in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD42020206151. Five databases were used for the research: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), and Google Scholar. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Critical Appraisal Tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute, and quality analysis was performed using a tool established in previously published reviews on the subject. Using data from the 2017-2018 Household Budget Survey (POF), a demand system was estimated for 19 food groups purchased in Brazilian households, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). The prices of the groups were obtained from the unit values paid by households, adjusted by the price correction method proposed by Cox and Wohlgenant. The average state price of the food group in the corresponding state replaced the missing unit values. Total food expenditure was considered a proxy for household income, and the model incorporated household sociodemographic, economic, and geographic characteristics as explanatory variables. Own-price and cross-price elasticities were calculated for the general population and stratified by food security status. Four taxation and subsidy scenarios were simulated, assessing the impact on quantities consumed, caloric intake, changes in Body Mass Index (BMI), and the prevalence of obesity in Brazilian adults. The results of the systematic review showed an increase in demand, purchase, and consumption of subsidized foods. There was also an increase in the consumption of calories, proteins, and fibers. However, an increase in the consumption of some undesirable nutrients, such as saturated fat and sodium, was also observed. Studies that evaluated changes in BMI were controversial. Regarding the calculated elasticities, all were negative and statistically significant at the 1% level. The most elastic groups were “oilseeds” (-5.031), followed by “legumes” (-1.657) and “cereals” (-1.564). Households with severe food insecurity were more sensitive to price changes in “oilseeds” (-3.951), “fruits” (-1.871), and “roots and tubers” (-1.713). Substitution relationships were observed, such as between “legumes” and “oilseeds” (0.186), and complementarity relationships, such as between “fruits” and “vegetables” (-0.069). Households with mild food insecurity showed a higher number of substitution and complementarity relationships between food groups. Among food-secure individuals, reductions in caloric intake were more significant in Scenarios 1 to 3, reaching -72.1 kcal/day with the UPP tax rate of 3 Keywords: taxation; subsidy; food security; Almost Ideal Demand System; POF 2017- 2018; scenario modeling; body mass index.
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COMINI, Luma de Oliveira. Tributação de alimentos e obesidade no Brasil: um estudo de simulação de políticas fiscais de alimentos na predição da obesidade. 2025. 218 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
