Contaminação por elementos potencialmente tóxicos oriundos de rejeito de mineração de Pb: uma abordagem a partir do solo e da poeira
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
O presente trabalho debruçou sobre os impactos da mineração e suas consequências para os vários ecossistemas, especialmente devido à liberação de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPTs) oriundos de rejeitos da mineração de chumbo, no município de Boquira, Bahia, Brasil. O município encontra-se localizado no interior do estado da Bahia, a 649 km de Salvador e se constituiu na década de 1980, no auge do período de extração de minério de Pb, em uma das principais minas do país. Mesmo com o fim da exploração mineral,, os rejeitos encontram-se até os dias atuais dispostos de forma inadequada, sem barreiras de contenção ou quaisquer ações de remediação ou recuperação da área. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propôs-se a avaliar a contaminação por EPTs no entorno da pilha de rejeitos, sob a hipótese de que a contaminação que se sabe estar nos rejeitos esta sendo transferida para as diversas matrizes ambientais e não só no entorno da pilha de rejeitos como também em locais mais afastados. A caracterização química dos rejeitos de mineração e estudos sobre a bioacessibilidade da poeira da cidade são discutidos como medidas para avaliar os impactos da presença da pilha de rejeitos no município, trazendo dados que possam orientar a tomada de decisão por parte das autoridades competentes. Um fracionamento químico foi conduzido em solo incubado com o rejeito, avaliando as frações de Pb mais lábeis, sob influência de plantas encontradas na região. As espécies alvo do estudo (Prosopis juliflora, Anadenanthera peregrina, Moringa oleífera e Urochloa ruziziensis) apresentam eficiência na fitoestabilização de Pb no solo com diferentes níveis de contaminação, sendo a Moringa oleífera a espécie que promove maiores teores de Pb disponibilizados nas maiores doses estudadas. Por outro lado, no que diz respeito aos ensaios de bioacessibilidade oral e pulmonar de EPTs na poeira encontrada na zona urbana do município, observou-se que as crianças possuem um risco potencial maior em decorrência da exposição ao Pb quando comparadas com adultos, tendo-se obtido um índice de perigo (HI) > 1 para as mesmas. Palavras-chave: Bioacessibilidade; Elementos potencialmente tóxicos; Extração sequencial.
The present study focused on the impacts of mining and its consequences on various ecosystems, especially due to the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) originating from lead mining tailings in the municipality of Boquira, Bahia, Brazil. The municipality is located in the interior of the state of Bahia, 649 km from Salvador, and was established in the 1980s, at the peak of the period of lead ore extraction, as one of the country's main mines. Even with the end of mineral exploitation, the tailings are still inadequately disposed of to this day, without containment barriers or any remediation or recovery actions in the area. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the contamination by PTEs in the vicinity of the tailings pile, under the hypothesis that the contamination known to be in the tailings is being transferred to various environmental matrices not only in the vicinity of the tailings pile but also in more distant locations. The chemical characterization of mining tailings and studies on the bioaccessibility of city dust are discussed as measures to assess the impacts of the presence of the tailings pile in the municipality, providing data that may guide decision-making by the competent authorities. Chemical fractionation was conducted on soil incubated with the tailings, evaluating the most labile Pb fractions under the influence of plants found in the region. The target species of the study (Prosopis juliflora, Anadenanthera peregrina, Moringa oleifera, and Urochloa ruziziensis) show efficiency in the phyto-stabilization of Pb in the soil with different levels of contamination, with Moringa oleifera being the species that promotes higher levels of Pb released at the highest doses studied. On the other hand, regarding the oral and pulmonary bioaccessibility tests of PTEs in the dust found in the urban area of the municipality, it was observed that children have a higher potential risk due to exposure to Pb when compared to adults, obtaining a hazard index (HI) > 1 for them. Keywords: Bioaccessibility; Potentially toxic elements; Sequential chemical extraction.
The present study focused on the impacts of mining and its consequences on various ecosystems, especially due to the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) originating from lead mining tailings in the municipality of Boquira, Bahia, Brazil. The municipality is located in the interior of the state of Bahia, 649 km from Salvador, and was established in the 1980s, at the peak of the period of lead ore extraction, as one of the country's main mines. Even with the end of mineral exploitation, the tailings are still inadequately disposed of to this day, without containment barriers or any remediation or recovery actions in the area. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the contamination by PTEs in the vicinity of the tailings pile, under the hypothesis that the contamination known to be in the tailings is being transferred to various environmental matrices not only in the vicinity of the tailings pile but also in more distant locations. The chemical characterization of mining tailings and studies on the bioaccessibility of city dust are discussed as measures to assess the impacts of the presence of the tailings pile in the municipality, providing data that may guide decision-making by the competent authorities. Chemical fractionation was conducted on soil incubated with the tailings, evaluating the most labile Pb fractions under the influence of plants found in the region. The target species of the study (Prosopis juliflora, Anadenanthera peregrina, Moringa oleifera, and Urochloa ruziziensis) show efficiency in the phyto-stabilization of Pb in the soil with different levels of contamination, with Moringa oleifera being the species that promotes higher levels of Pb released at the highest doses studied. On the other hand, regarding the oral and pulmonary bioaccessibility tests of PTEs in the dust found in the urban area of the municipality, it was observed that children have a higher potential risk due to exposure to Pb when compared to adults, obtaining a hazard index (HI) > 1 for them. Keywords: Bioaccessibility; Potentially toxic elements; Sequential chemical extraction.
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Citation
CARDOSO, Edvaldo Renner da Costa. Contaminação por elementos potencialmente tóxicos oriundos de rejeito de mineração de Pb: uma abordagem a partir do solo e da poeira. 2024. 71 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
