Desenvolvimento de programa computacional para análise de desempenho de tratores de rodas
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
O setor do agronegócio representa uma significativa contribuição na composição do PIB brasileiro. Os índices de produtividade desse setor são impulsionados por meio do trabalho dos tratores agrícolas de rodas, visto a sua presença em grande parte dos estabelecimentos agrícolas do país. A utilização dos tratores também resulta em aumentos dos custos associados à operação devido à tendência de elevação dos custos dos combustíveis. Durante a operação, grande parte da energia produzida pelo trator é desperdiçada na interface pneu-solo. Para melhorar o desempenho dos tratores é necessário compreender como os parâmetros que influenciam a eficiência de produção de tração se relacionam. A aplicação de modelos matemáticos em programas de computador é uma alternativa eficiente para encontrar essas soluções. No entanto, o programa de computador deve ser validado, para verificar se as simplificações impostas ao modelo não comprometem sua precisão. Sendo assim, objetivou-se desenvolver um programa de computador para analisar o desempenho de tratores de rodas. A validação do programa ocorreu por meio da comparação entre resultados simulados e obtidos por meio de ensaios de tração. Para a coleta de dados nos ensaios, foram desenvolvidos um sistema embarcado e um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis. Os dados foram coletados pelo sistema embarcado, sendo posteriormente transmitidos para o aplicativo a fim de realizar o armazenamento. A análise estatística permitiu verificar a precisão do programa desenvolvido, assegurando a sua validação. O estudo foi dividido na avaliação do desempenho de tração e no desempenho com relação ao consumo de combustível. Posteriormente, o desempenho de forma global de um trator foi analisado por meio de simulações computacionais. A utilização do programa de computador permitiu avaliar as condições operacionais que maximizaram a eficiência tratória. Por meio de ensaios de tração e simulações computacionais, constatou-se que a patinagem das rodas motrizes aumentou proporcionalmente com a força de tração, até atingir um valor limite da força. Posteriormente, mesmo com pouca variação dessa força, a patinagem continuou a aumentar. Além disso, o trator necessitou desenvolver maior patinagem para tracionar cargas com magnitudes semelhantes, conforme o índice de cone do solo diminuiu. Os resultados de ensaios de tração, destinados a avaliar a eficiência energética do trator indicaram que o consumo horário de combustível cresceu com o aumento da força de tração. Os menores valores para o consumo específico de combustível foram registrados nas situações em que a rotação do motor foi reduzida e o torque se elevou. O programa de computador identificou, em cada simulação, qual foi a força máxima de tração desenvolvida pelo trator e qual foi o fator que limitou essa força. No estudo que identificou o desempenho do trator com base no desempenho de tração e no consumo de combustível, revelou-se que em 91,38% das simulações essa força foi limitada pela patinagem das rodas motrizes. Adicionalmente, identificou- se que a máxima eficiência de produção de tração foi 68,30%. Palavras-chave: Simulação computacional; Eficiência de tração; Consumo de combustível; Eficiência energética.
The agribusiness sector makes a significant contribution to the composition of the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The productivity indices of this sector are driven by the use of wheeled agricultural tractors, given their presence in a large portion of the country's agricultural establishments. The use of tractors also leads to increased operational costs due to the tendency of rising fuel costs. During operation, a significant portion of the energy produced by the tractor is wasted at the tire-soil interface. To enhance tractor performance, it is essential to understand the relationships among the parameters that affect tractive efficiency. The application of mathematical models in computer programs is an efficient alternative for finding these solutions. However, the computer program must be validated to ensure that the simplifications made to the model do not compromise its accuracy. Therefore, the objective was to develop a computer program to analyze the performance of wheel tractors. The program validation occurred through the comparison between simulated results and those obtained through traction testing. For data collection in the tests, an embedded system and a mobile application were developed. The data were collected by the embedded system and subsequently transmitted to the application for storage. Statistical analysis allowed verifying the accuracy of the developed program, ensuring its validation. The study was divided into the evaluation of traction performance and performance concerning fuel consumption. Subsequently, the overall performance of a tractor was analyzed through computer simulations. The use of the computer program allowed for the assessment of operational conditions that maximized the efficiency of the tractor. Through traction tests and computer simulations, it was observed that the slippage of the drive wheels increased proportionally with the traction force, until reaching a maximum force limit. Subsequently, even with minimal variation in this force, the slippage continued to increase. Furthermore, the tractor needed to exhibit increased slippage to tow loads of similar magnitudes as the soil cone index decreased. The results from traction tests, aimed at assessing the energy efficiency of the tractor, indicated that the hourly fuel consumption increased with the rise in traction force. The lowest values for specific fuel consumption were recorded in situations where the engine rotation was reduced, and the torque increased. The computer program identified, in each simulation, the maximum traction force developed by the tractor and the factor that limited this force. In the study that identified the tractor's performance based on traction and fuel consumption, it was revealed that in 91,38% of simulations, this force was limited by slippage of the drive wheels. Additionally, it was identified that the maximum traction production efficiency was 68,30%. Keywords: Computer simulation. Traction Efficiency. Fuel consumption. Energy Efficiency.
The agribusiness sector makes a significant contribution to the composition of the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The productivity indices of this sector are driven by the use of wheeled agricultural tractors, given their presence in a large portion of the country's agricultural establishments. The use of tractors also leads to increased operational costs due to the tendency of rising fuel costs. During operation, a significant portion of the energy produced by the tractor is wasted at the tire-soil interface. To enhance tractor performance, it is essential to understand the relationships among the parameters that affect tractive efficiency. The application of mathematical models in computer programs is an efficient alternative for finding these solutions. However, the computer program must be validated to ensure that the simplifications made to the model do not compromise its accuracy. Therefore, the objective was to develop a computer program to analyze the performance of wheel tractors. The program validation occurred through the comparison between simulated results and those obtained through traction testing. For data collection in the tests, an embedded system and a mobile application were developed. The data were collected by the embedded system and subsequently transmitted to the application for storage. Statistical analysis allowed verifying the accuracy of the developed program, ensuring its validation. The study was divided into the evaluation of traction performance and performance concerning fuel consumption. Subsequently, the overall performance of a tractor was analyzed through computer simulations. The use of the computer program allowed for the assessment of operational conditions that maximized the efficiency of the tractor. Through traction tests and computer simulations, it was observed that the slippage of the drive wheels increased proportionally with the traction force, until reaching a maximum force limit. Subsequently, even with minimal variation in this force, the slippage continued to increase. Furthermore, the tractor needed to exhibit increased slippage to tow loads of similar magnitudes as the soil cone index decreased. The results from traction tests, aimed at assessing the energy efficiency of the tractor, indicated that the hourly fuel consumption increased with the rise in traction force. The lowest values for specific fuel consumption were recorded in situations where the engine rotation was reduced, and the torque increased. The computer program identified, in each simulation, the maximum traction force developed by the tractor and the factor that limited this force. In the study that identified the tractor's performance based on traction and fuel consumption, it was revealed that in 91,38% of simulations, this force was limited by slippage of the drive wheels. Additionally, it was identified that the maximum traction production efficiency was 68,30%. Keywords: Computer simulation. Traction Efficiency. Fuel consumption. Energy Efficiency.
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Citation
BARBOSA, Igor Araujo. Desenvolvimento de programa computacional para análise de desempenho de tratores de rodas. 2024. 113 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
