Influência da atividade de aves marinhas sobre metais pesados nos solos da Antártica
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Aves marinhas da Antártica alteram as propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas dos solos onde nidificam, caracterizando-os como ornitogênicos, sendo comum apresentarem elevados teores de P, matéria orgânica e, possivelmente, metais pesados. Objetivou avaliar a influência da atividade de aves marinhas no enriquecimento de metais pesados em diferentes solos da Antártica. Amostras de solos com diferentes propriedades foram coletadas nas ilhas da Antártica Marítima e na Península Antártica, selecionando solos com e sem influência de diferentes espécies de aves marinhas. Determinaram-se os teores de C, N e de metais pesados (Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr e Zn) em frações da matéria orgânica e no solo. Os resultados foram avaliados por estatística descritiva, análises de componentes principais e correlação e fatores de enriquecimento biogênico. Os resultados indicaram que os solos ornitogênicos e as frações da matéria orgânica apresentaram teores muito superiores de C e N comparativamente aos não ornitogênicos. Dentre as aves marinhas, os pinguins foram as que mais alteraram as características dos solos estudados, aumentando consideravelmente os teores de C e N no solo. O enriquecimento de metais pesados pelas aves marinhas está relacionado aos hábitos alimentares e comportamentais, além da geoquímica local. Observou-se que as aves marinhas podem enriquecer as diferentes frações da matéria orgânica do solo com Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb e Zn. A atividade antrópica parece ter contribuído de forma indireta para o aumento de Hg e Pb no guano das aves marinhas e, consequentemente, nos solos que essas aves ocupam. O enriquecimento de Cr, Cu e Zn nos solos ornitogênicos provavelmente está relacionado a processos naturais, sem relação com a atividade antrópica. Os demais metais pesados estudados (Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni e Sr) tiveram a sua dinâmica nos solos da Antártica associados principalmente ao material de origem. Palavras-chave: Solos ornitogênicos. Elementos traço. Contaminação do solo. Biotransporte. Cadeia trófica
Antarctic seabirds change the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soils where they nest. Soils with considerable influence from these birds are called ornithogenic, and it is common to have high levels of phosphorus, organic matter and possibly heavy metals. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of seabird activity on the enrichment and dynamics of heavy metals in different soils in Antarctica. Soil samples with different characteristics were collected on the islands of Antarctic Maritime and on the Antarctic Peninsula, selecting soils without and with the influence of the activity of different species of seabirds. The levels of C, N and heavy metals (Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) were determined in different soil fractions. The data were compared using descriptive statistics, in addition to the analysis of the principal components analysis and correlation. The results indicated ornithogenic soils with much higher levels of C and N than non-ornithogenic soils. Among seabirds, penguins were the ones that most changed soil characteristics; therefore, the soils occupied by these birds also showed the highest levels of C and N. The enrichment of heavy metals by sea birds is related to the feeding and behavioral habits of sea birds, in addition to the geochemistry of the places where they live. It was observed that seabirds can enrich different fractions of the soil with Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, and the anthropic activities seem to have indirectly contributed to the increase of Hg and Pb in seabird guano and, consequently, on the soils where these birds occupy. The enrichment of Cr, Cu and Zn in ornithogenic soils seems to be related to natural processes, not related to anthropic activity. For the other heavy metals studied (Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Sr), their dynamics were more associated with the source material. Keywords: Ornithogenic soils. Trace elements. Soil contamination. Biotransport. Trophic levels
Antarctic seabirds change the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soils where they nest. Soils with considerable influence from these birds are called ornithogenic, and it is common to have high levels of phosphorus, organic matter and possibly heavy metals. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of seabird activity on the enrichment and dynamics of heavy metals in different soils in Antarctica. Soil samples with different characteristics were collected on the islands of Antarctic Maritime and on the Antarctic Peninsula, selecting soils without and with the influence of the activity of different species of seabirds. The levels of C, N and heavy metals (Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) were determined in different soil fractions. The data were compared using descriptive statistics, in addition to the analysis of the principal components analysis and correlation. The results indicated ornithogenic soils with much higher levels of C and N than non-ornithogenic soils. Among seabirds, penguins were the ones that most changed soil characteristics; therefore, the soils occupied by these birds also showed the highest levels of C and N. The enrichment of heavy metals by sea birds is related to the feeding and behavioral habits of sea birds, in addition to the geochemistry of the places where they live. It was observed that seabirds can enrich different fractions of the soil with Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, and the anthropic activities seem to have indirectly contributed to the increase of Hg and Pb in seabird guano and, consequently, on the soils where these birds occupy. The enrichment of Cr, Cu and Zn in ornithogenic soils seems to be related to natural processes, not related to anthropic activity. For the other heavy metals studied (Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Sr), their dynamics were more associated with the source material. Keywords: Ornithogenic soils. Trace elements. Soil contamination. Biotransport. Trophic levels
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CASTRO, Marllon Fialho. Influência da atividade de aves marinhas sobre metais pesados nos solos da Antártica. 2020. 88 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.
