Gênese, Geoquímica e Mineralogia de Solos Ácidos Sulfatados do Delta do Rio Doce, Espírito Santo, Brasil
Loading...
Date
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Solos ácidos sulfatados (SAS), em seu sentido mais amplo, têm sido aplicados a solos nos quais o ácido sulfúrico será produzido, ou tenha sido produzido em quantidades suficientes para ter um efeito duradouro nas propriedades químicas e mineralógicas do solo. Entre estas, a dissolução de várias fases minerais é esperada, possibilitando a liberação de elementos que podem impactar drasticamente o ambiente. No entanto, uma variedade de elementos potencialmente tóxicos pode ser incorporada na estrutura de minerais contendo Fe e S, devido as variações redox destes ambientes. No delta do rio Doce, a ocorrência de SAS é esperada devido aos processos costeiros envolvidos em sua formação. Na área de estudo, o desenvolvimento destes solos foi influenciado pela construção de um amplo sistema de canais de drenagem para a utilização agrícola e pecuária da área drenada. Apesar do sistema de drenagem, inundações recorrentes são registradas devido às características climáticas sazonais e as baixas altitudes. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender a dinâmica e o estado de desenvolvimento de solos ácidos sulfatados no delta do rio Doce, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Para isto, foram realizadas análises químicas e mineralógicas no solo, caracterização química da solução do solo. Além de análises na água e nos sedimentos dos canais de drenagem. Na área, as principais classes de solos que ocorrem são Gleissolos e Organossolos Tiomórficos. Os valores de pH, de saturação por bases e a alta concentração de Al3+, associados à presença de jarosita, são os principais indicadores da sulfurização nos solos. A expressividade da jarosita é dependente da intensidade de lixiviação dos produtos de oxidação dos sulfetos. Em profundidade, a permanência destes minerais sulfetados, especificamente a pirita, contém elevada carga de acidez líquida. A presença de pirita residual é atribuída à sua resistência em comparação a outros minerais sulfetados e a amenização de sua oxidação nos ciclos de inundação. Sob inundação, a geração de alcalinidade proveniente da redução dos minerais contendo Fe3+ é insuficiente para mitigar as características resultantes da sulfurização, mantendo uma solução do solo com alta concentração de acidez e metais, principalmente Al e Fe, que influenciam drasticamente os corpos d'água circundantes. A mineralogia do solo é composta principalmente por caulinita e gibbsita na fração argila. A origem desses minerais está associada aos sedimentos que formaram a área e a processos in situ de monossialitização e alitização após a oxidação dos sulfetos. As caulinitas apresentaram baixa cristalinidade pelos diferentes índices estudados, porém estes valores foram maiores quando aplicado um índice específico para solos ácidos. Entre os solos estudados, a concentração total de elementos traço foi influenciada principalmente pela granulometria e pelo teor de carbono orgânico total. A maioria dos elementos traço está associada a hidróxidos cristalinos de Fe, sendo registradas diferenças nos valores quando comparadas as metodologias utilizadas para extração sequencial. Esta indica uma interdependência entre a mobilidade destes elementos e as reações de dissolução e precipitação envolvendo os minerais de Fe e S. Palavras-chave: Sulfurização. Jarosita. Elementos traço. Extração sequencial.
Acid sulfate soils (AAS), in its broadest sense, have been applied to soils in which sulfuric acid will be produced, or has been produced in sufficient quantities to have a lasting effect on the chemical and mineralogical properties of the soil. Among these, the dissolution of several mineral phases is expected, enabling the release of elements that can drastically impact the environment. However, a variety of potentially toxic elements can be incorporated into the mineral structure containing Fe and S, due to the redox variations of these environments. In the Doce River Delta, the occurrence of AAS is expected due to the coastal processes involved in its formation. In the study area, the development of these soils was influenced by the construction of a wide system of drainage channels for agricultural and livestock use in the drained area. Despite the drainage system, recurrent floods are recorded due to seasonal climatic characteristics and low altitudes. Thus, the objective of this research is to understand the dynamics and the state of development of sulfated acid soils in the Doce River delta, Espírito Santo, Brazil. For this, chemical and mineralogical analyzes were carried out on the soil, chemical characterization of the soil solution. In addition to analyzes in the water and sediments of the drainage channels. In the area, the main classes of soils that occur are Gleissolos and Organossolos Tiomórficos. pH values, base saturation and the high concentration of Al3+, associated to the presence of jarosite, are the main indicators of sulfurization in soils. The expressiveness of jarosite is dependent on the intensity of leaching of the oxidation products of sulfides. In depth, the permanence of these sulfides minerals, specifically pyrite, contains a high liquid acid charge. The presence of residual pyrite is attributed to its resistance in comparison to other sulfides minerals and the easing of its oxidation in flood cycles. Under flood, the generation of alkalinity from the reduction of minerals containing Fe3 + is insufficient to mitigate the characteristics resulting from sulfurization, maintaining a soil solution with a high concentration of acidity and metals, mainly Al and Fe, which drastically influence water bodies surrounding areas. The soil mineralogy is mainly composed of kaolinite and gibbsite in the clay fraction. The origin of these minerals is associated with the sediments that formed the area and in situ processes of monosialitization and alitization after the oxidation of sulfides. Kaolinite showed low crystallinity by the different indexes studied, however these values were higher when a specific index for acidic soils was applied. Among the studied soils, the total concentration of trace elements was influenced mainly by the granulometry and the total organic carbon content. Most trace elements are associated with crystalline Fe hydroxides, and differences in values are registered when comparing the methodologies used for sequential extraction. This indicates an interdependence between the mobility of these elements and the dissolution and precipitation reactions involving the minerals of Fe and S. Keywords: Sulfurization. Jarosite. Trace metals. Sequential extraction
Acid sulfate soils (AAS), in its broadest sense, have been applied to soils in which sulfuric acid will be produced, or has been produced in sufficient quantities to have a lasting effect on the chemical and mineralogical properties of the soil. Among these, the dissolution of several mineral phases is expected, enabling the release of elements that can drastically impact the environment. However, a variety of potentially toxic elements can be incorporated into the mineral structure containing Fe and S, due to the redox variations of these environments. In the Doce River Delta, the occurrence of AAS is expected due to the coastal processes involved in its formation. In the study area, the development of these soils was influenced by the construction of a wide system of drainage channels for agricultural and livestock use in the drained area. Despite the drainage system, recurrent floods are recorded due to seasonal climatic characteristics and low altitudes. Thus, the objective of this research is to understand the dynamics and the state of development of sulfated acid soils in the Doce River delta, Espírito Santo, Brazil. For this, chemical and mineralogical analyzes were carried out on the soil, chemical characterization of the soil solution. In addition to analyzes in the water and sediments of the drainage channels. In the area, the main classes of soils that occur are Gleissolos and Organossolos Tiomórficos. pH values, base saturation and the high concentration of Al3+, associated to the presence of jarosite, are the main indicators of sulfurization in soils. The expressiveness of jarosite is dependent on the intensity of leaching of the oxidation products of sulfides. In depth, the permanence of these sulfides minerals, specifically pyrite, contains a high liquid acid charge. The presence of residual pyrite is attributed to its resistance in comparison to other sulfides minerals and the easing of its oxidation in flood cycles. Under flood, the generation of alkalinity from the reduction of minerals containing Fe3 + is insufficient to mitigate the characteristics resulting from sulfurization, maintaining a soil solution with a high concentration of acidity and metals, mainly Al and Fe, which drastically influence water bodies surrounding areas. The soil mineralogy is mainly composed of kaolinite and gibbsite in the clay fraction. The origin of these minerals is associated with the sediments that formed the area and in situ processes of monosialitization and alitization after the oxidation of sulfides. Kaolinite showed low crystallinity by the different indexes studied, however these values were higher when a specific index for acidic soils was applied. Among the studied soils, the total concentration of trace elements was influenced mainly by the granulometry and the total organic carbon content. Most trace elements are associated with crystalline Fe hydroxides, and differences in values are registered when comparing the methodologies used for sequential extraction. This indicates an interdependence between the mobility of these elements and the dissolution and precipitation reactions involving the minerals of Fe and S. Keywords: Sulfurization. Jarosite. Trace metals. Sequential extraction
Description
Citation
FIRMINO, Francis Henrique Tenório. Gênese, Geoquímica e Mineralogia de Solos Ácidos Sulfatados do Delta do Rio Doce, Espírito Santo, Brasil. 2020. 141 f. Tese ( Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.
