Mecanismos de resistência contra geminiviroses e o potencial do mutante duplo de NIK1, NIK1-T469A/T474D, em conferir resistência em tomateiros
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A família Geminiviridae é uma das maiores e mais bem-sucedidas famílias de vírus de plantas que infecta uma grande variedade de culturas agronomicamente importantes, tanto dicotiledóneas quanto monocotiledóneas, e causa perdas significativas de produtividade mundialmente. Este amplo espectro de gama de hospedeiros só é possível porque os geminivírus desenvolveram estratégias sofisticadas para superar o arsenal de defesas antivirais em espécies vegetais tão diversas. Além disso, os geminivírus evoluem rapidamente através de recombinação ou pseudo-recombinação para criar naturalmente uma grande diversidade de espécies de vírus com sequências de genoma divergentes, dando ao vírus uma vantagem sobre o sistema de reconhecimento do hospedeiro. Portanto, não é surpreendente que estratégias moleculares eficientes para combater a infecção por geminivírus, em condições de campo aberto, não tenham sido totalmente desenvolvidas e abordadas experimentalmente. No primeiro capítulo, foi discutido o arsenal anti-geminiviral das defesas de plantas, as estratégias de virulência evoluídas dos geminivírus para superar essas defesas de plantas e as estratégias mais recentes que foram projetadas para resistência transgênica. No segundo capítulo, foi determinado experimentalmente a eficiência da resistência contra begomovírus que infectam tomateiros, derivada da manipulação in vitro da atividade da sinalização antiviral mediada por NIK1 [“nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)-Interacting Kinase 1]. Epidemias associadas a begomovírus atualmente ameaçam a produção mundial de tomate devido ao surgimento de espécies de vírus altamente patogênicas. Mais de dez espécies diferentes de begomovírus que infectam tomateiros foram identificadas e caracterizadas em território brasileiro na última década. A sinalização antiviral mediada por NIK1 é ativada pela infecção viral e protege as plantas contra begomovírus em interações incompatíveis, mas é superada pelo supressor viral NSP de NIK1, em interações compatíveis. A fosforilação em Thr-474 é o evento crucial que desencadeia a ativação de NIK1. A construção de um mutante de ganho de função, substituindo o resíduo Thr-474 pelo resíduo fosfomimético Asp, aumentou a resistência contra begomovírus em linhagens de tomateiro transgênico. Para gerar uma estratégia de resistência eficiente contra begomovírus, uma segunda mutação em T474D foi introduzida pela substituindo do resíduo Thr-469 por Ala e, assim, eliminando o efeito antagonista da fosforilação em Thr-469. O mutante duplo ivT469A/474D apresentou maior atividade de fosforilação in vitro em comparação com NIK1 e T474D. Os ensaios funcionais foram realizados usando linhagens de tomate transgênico transformadas com uma construção de DNA expressando T469A / T474D fusionado a GFP sob o controle do promotor 35S. As mutações duplas em NIK1 promoveram a ativação constitutiva das defesas mediadas por NIK1, mesmo em baixos níveis de expressão do transgene, resultando na repressão dos genes da proteína ribossomais, marcadores moleculares da ativação da sinalização antiviral. Além disso, as linhagens transgênicas apresentaram resistência aumentada ao begomovírus Tomato yellow spot virus (ToYSV), um fenótipo associado à ausência de sintomas, baixa eficiência da taxa de infecção e reduzido acúmulo de DNA viral nas folhas sistêmicas. Estes resultados confirmam o efeito antagonista da fosforilação em Thr-469 e Thr-474 na ativação da sinalização antiviral mediada por NIK1, indicando que, provavelmente, a fosforilação em Thr-469 regula negativamente a ativação de NIK1 para prevenir a autoimunidade.
The Geminiviridae family is one of the most successful and largest families of plant viruses that infects a large variety of important dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops and causes significant yield losses worldwide. This broad spectrum of host range is only possible because geminiviruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome the arsenal of antiviral defenses in such diverse plant species. In addition, geminiviruses evolve rapidly through recombination or pseudo-recombination to naturally create a great diversity of virus species with divergent genome sequences giving the virus an advantage over the host recognition system. Therefore, it is not surprising that efficient molecular strategies to combat geminivirus infection under open field conditions have not been fully addressed. In the first chapter, we discuss the anti-geminiviral arsenal of plant defenses, the evolved virulence strategies of geminiviruses to overcome these plant defenses and the most recent strategies that have been engineered for transgenic resistance. In the second chapter, we determined experimentally the efficiency of resistance against tomato-infecting begomovirus derived from manipulating in vitro the activity of the “Nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)-Interacting Kinase 1 (NIK1)-mediated antiviral signaling. Begomovirus-associate epidemics currently threaten tomato production worldwide due to the emergence of highly pathogenic virus species. More than ten different species of tomato-infecting begomoviruses have been identified and characterized in the Brazilian territory in the last decade. The NIK1-mediated antiviral signaling is activated by a viral infection and protects plants against begomoviruses in incompatible interactions but is overcame by the viral NSP suppressor of the NIK1 activity in compatible interactions. Phosphorylation of Thr-474 is the crucial event that triggers NIK1 activation. The construction of a gain-of-function mutant by replacing the Thr-474 residue with the phosphomimetic Asp residue enhanced resistance against begomovirus in transgenic tomato lines. To generate an efficient resistance strategy against begomovirus, we introduced a second mutation in T474D by replacing the Thr-469 residue with Ala, and hence eliminating the antagonistic effect of phosphorylation on Thr-469. The double mutant T469A/474D displayed higher phosphorylation activity in vitro compared with NIK1 and T474D. Functional assays were performed using transgenic tomato lines vitransformed with a DNA construct expressing T469A/T474D fused to GFP under the control of the 35S promoter. The double mutations on NIK1 promoted constitutive activation of NIK1-mediated defenses, even in low levels of transgene expression, resulting in the repression of ribosomal protein genes, molecular markers of the antiviral signaling activation. Furthermore, the transgenic lines displayed enhanced resistance to the begomovirus Tomato yellow spot virus (ToYSV), a phenotype associated with lack of symptoms, low efficiency of infection ratio, and reduced accumulation of viral DNA in systemic leaves. These results also confirm the antagonistic effect of phosphorylation at Thr-469 and Thr-474 on the activation of the NIK1-mediated antiviral signaling, indicating that probably the phosphorylation on Thr-469 regulates negatively activation of NIK1 to prevent autoimmunity.
The Geminiviridae family is one of the most successful and largest families of plant viruses that infects a large variety of important dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops and causes significant yield losses worldwide. This broad spectrum of host range is only possible because geminiviruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome the arsenal of antiviral defenses in such diverse plant species. In addition, geminiviruses evolve rapidly through recombination or pseudo-recombination to naturally create a great diversity of virus species with divergent genome sequences giving the virus an advantage over the host recognition system. Therefore, it is not surprising that efficient molecular strategies to combat geminivirus infection under open field conditions have not been fully addressed. In the first chapter, we discuss the anti-geminiviral arsenal of plant defenses, the evolved virulence strategies of geminiviruses to overcome these plant defenses and the most recent strategies that have been engineered for transgenic resistance. In the second chapter, we determined experimentally the efficiency of resistance against tomato-infecting begomovirus derived from manipulating in vitro the activity of the “Nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)-Interacting Kinase 1 (NIK1)-mediated antiviral signaling. Begomovirus-associate epidemics currently threaten tomato production worldwide due to the emergence of highly pathogenic virus species. More than ten different species of tomato-infecting begomoviruses have been identified and characterized in the Brazilian territory in the last decade. The NIK1-mediated antiviral signaling is activated by a viral infection and protects plants against begomoviruses in incompatible interactions but is overcame by the viral NSP suppressor of the NIK1 activity in compatible interactions. Phosphorylation of Thr-474 is the crucial event that triggers NIK1 activation. The construction of a gain-of-function mutant by replacing the Thr-474 residue with the phosphomimetic Asp residue enhanced resistance against begomovirus in transgenic tomato lines. To generate an efficient resistance strategy against begomovirus, we introduced a second mutation in T474D by replacing the Thr-469 residue with Ala, and hence eliminating the antagonistic effect of phosphorylation on Thr-469. The double mutant T469A/474D displayed higher phosphorylation activity in vitro compared with NIK1 and T474D. Functional assays were performed using transgenic tomato lines vitransformed with a DNA construct expressing T469A/T474D fused to GFP under the control of the 35S promoter. The double mutations on NIK1 promoted constitutive activation of NIK1-mediated defenses, even in low levels of transgene expression, resulting in the repression of ribosomal protein genes, molecular markers of the antiviral signaling activation. Furthermore, the transgenic lines displayed enhanced resistance to the begomovirus Tomato yellow spot virus (ToYSV), a phenotype associated with lack of symptoms, low efficiency of infection ratio, and reduced accumulation of viral DNA in systemic leaves. These results also confirm the antagonistic effect of phosphorylation at Thr-469 and Thr-474 on the activation of the NIK1-mediated antiviral signaling, indicating that probably the phosphorylation on Thr-469 regulates negatively activation of NIK1 to prevent autoimmunity.
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LORIATO, Virgilio Adriano Pereira. Mecanismos de resistência contra geminiviroses e o potencial do mutante duplo de NIK1, NIK1-T469A/T474D, em conferir resistência em tomateiros. 2019. 76 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2019.
