Classificação de genótipos de Cannabis sativa L. com base no quimiotipo
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Devido a sua importância medicinal, versatilidade e qualidade enquanto matéria prima de fonte renovável para dezenas de indústrias, aliados a sua alta produtividade e possibilidade de uso para recuperação ambiental, a Cannabis sativa L. já é reconhecida como uma nova commodity agrícola. Apesar das barreiras morais dificultarem os avanços regulatórios no Brasil, já que além do país ter sido um dos primeiros a editar uma lei proibindo o cultivo e uso da espécie em todo o território nacional em 1920, e apenas em 2020 foi obtida a primeira autorização para cultivo com finalidade de pesquisa científica em uma universidade brasileira, nos últimos anos a legislação, e os órgãos e agências de controle têm buscado adequar as normas vigentes no país para atender à demanda interna e global. Apesar de existirem diferenças morfológicas, fenológicas e genéticas entre as diferentes variedades desta espécie, são as diferentes composições entre a concentração de canabinóides que comumente são utilizadas para a classificação das variedades em diferentes tipos de acordo com a sua finalidade de uso. Entre os desafios regulatórios está a determinação de critérios para essa classificação, que implica em maior ou menor necessidade de controle sobre cada um dos três tipos (droga, intermediário e fibra). Na maioria dos países onde o cultivo está regulado, os limites máximos na concentração de THC, composto com potencial psicotrópico, para que os genótipos sejam classificados como cânhamo, ou seja, do tipo fibra, estão entre 0,3 % e 2,0 %. A recente regulamentação dos cultivos no Brasil estabeleceu o limite de 0,3 % para a classificação do cânhamo. Porém, por questões inerentes à relação entre a síntese e a proporção dos cannabinoides majoritários THC, CBD e seu precursor comum CBG, governadas primordialmente por fatores genéticos, assim como as influências ambientais que podem afetar essa dinâmica, um mesmo genótipo pode ter comportamento diferente quando cultivada sob condições ambientais diferentes implicando em problemas regulatórios referentes aos limites de THC estabelecido para o país. Portanto, faz-se necessário a proposição de um novo modelo para a classificação de genótipos no Brasil. Neste trabalho, a partir do cultivo de 15 genótipos, foram determinados, utilizando a razão entre as concentrações de THC, CBD e CBG, cinco grupos distintos através da análise de variáveis canônicas. Nenhuma variedade ou grupo apresentou concentração de THC igual ou inferior a 0,3 %. O grupo 1 apresentou a menor concentração de THC, 0,552 %, e a maior de CBD, 6,952 %, com razão de 1-25-2 entre THC, CBD e CBG. O grupo 4 apresentou a maior proporção de THC em relação aos demais (121-1-14), com concentração absoluta de 14,242 %. Dois grupos intermediários foram formados com razões de 3-1-2 e 2-2-4, respectivamente aos grupos 2 e 3, quando o CBG foi incluído junto ao THC e CBD. A adoção de limites muito rígidos na concentração de THC, como 0,3 %, pode inviabilizar ou causar prejuízos à cadeia produtiva nos países tropicais, sendo recomendado que este limite esteja entre 1,0 % e 2,0 % e a adoção de um grupo intermediário com equilíbrio entre a concentração dos três canabinóides. Palavras-chave: cânhamo; THC; CBG; herdabilidade; melhoramento genético; perfil de canabinóides.
Due to its medicinal importance, versatility, and quality as a renewable raw material for dozens of industries, coupled with its high productivity and potential for environmental remediation, Cannabis sativa L. is already recognized as a new agricultural commodity. Despite moral barriers hindering regulatory progress in Brazil, since the country was one of the first to enact a law prohibiting the cultivation and use of the species throughout the national territory in 1920, and only in 2020 was the first authorization obtained for cultivation for scientific research purposes at a Brazilian university, in recent years legislation and regulatory bodies and agencies have sought to adapt existing regulations to meet domestic and global demand. Although there are morphological, phenological, and genetic differences between the various varieties of this species, it is the different compositions of cannabinoid concentrations that are commonly used to classify genotypes into different types according to their intended use. Among the regulatory challenges is the determination of criteria for this classification, which implies a greater or lesser need for control over each of the three types (drug, intermediate, and fiber). In most countries where cultivation is regulated, the maximum limits for THC concentration, a compound with psychotropic potential, for genotypes to be classified as hemp, i.e., fiber type, are between 0.3 % and 2.0 %. Recent regulations on cultivation in Brazil have established a limit of 0.3 % for hemp classification. However, due to issues inherent in the relationship between the synthesis and proportion of the major cannabinoids THC, CBD, and their common precursor CBG, governed primarily by genetic factors, as well as environmental influences that can affect this dynamic, the same genotype may behave differently when cultivated under different environmental conditions, implying regulatory problems regarding the THC limits established for the country. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a new model for the classification of genotypes in Brazil. In this study, five distinct groups were determined from the cultivation of 15 genotypes, using the ratio between the concentrations of THC, CBD, and CBG through canonical variable analysis. No variety or group presented a THC concentration equal to or less than 0.3 %. Group 1 presented the lowest THC concentration, 0.552 %, and the highest CBD concentration, 6.952 %, with a ratio of 1-25-2 between THC, CBD, and CBG. Group 4 presented the highest proportion of THC in relation to the others (121-1-14), with an absolute concentration of 14.242 %. Two intermediate groups were formed with ratios of 3-1-2 and 2-2-4, respectively to groups 2 and 3, when CBG was included along with THC and CBD. The adoption of very strict limits on THC concentration, such as 0.3%, can make the production chain unviable or cause damage in tropical countries. It is recommended that this limit be between 1.0 % and 2.0 %, and that an intermediate group with a balance between the concentration of the three cannabinoids be adopted. Keywords: hemp; THC; CBG; heritability; breeding; cannabinoid profile.
Due to its medicinal importance, versatility, and quality as a renewable raw material for dozens of industries, coupled with its high productivity and potential for environmental remediation, Cannabis sativa L. is already recognized as a new agricultural commodity. Despite moral barriers hindering regulatory progress in Brazil, since the country was one of the first to enact a law prohibiting the cultivation and use of the species throughout the national territory in 1920, and only in 2020 was the first authorization obtained for cultivation for scientific research purposes at a Brazilian university, in recent years legislation and regulatory bodies and agencies have sought to adapt existing regulations to meet domestic and global demand. Although there are morphological, phenological, and genetic differences between the various varieties of this species, it is the different compositions of cannabinoid concentrations that are commonly used to classify genotypes into different types according to their intended use. Among the regulatory challenges is the determination of criteria for this classification, which implies a greater or lesser need for control over each of the three types (drug, intermediate, and fiber). In most countries where cultivation is regulated, the maximum limits for THC concentration, a compound with psychotropic potential, for genotypes to be classified as hemp, i.e., fiber type, are between 0.3 % and 2.0 %. Recent regulations on cultivation in Brazil have established a limit of 0.3 % for hemp classification. However, due to issues inherent in the relationship between the synthesis and proportion of the major cannabinoids THC, CBD, and their common precursor CBG, governed primarily by genetic factors, as well as environmental influences that can affect this dynamic, the same genotype may behave differently when cultivated under different environmental conditions, implying regulatory problems regarding the THC limits established for the country. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a new model for the classification of genotypes in Brazil. In this study, five distinct groups were determined from the cultivation of 15 genotypes, using the ratio between the concentrations of THC, CBD, and CBG through canonical variable analysis. No variety or group presented a THC concentration equal to or less than 0.3 %. Group 1 presented the lowest THC concentration, 0.552 %, and the highest CBD concentration, 6.952 %, with a ratio of 1-25-2 between THC, CBD, and CBG. Group 4 presented the highest proportion of THC in relation to the others (121-1-14), with an absolute concentration of 14.242 %. Two intermediate groups were formed with ratios of 3-1-2 and 2-2-4, respectively to groups 2 and 3, when CBG was included along with THC and CBD. The adoption of very strict limits on THC concentration, such as 0.3%, can make the production chain unviable or cause damage in tropical countries. It is recommended that this limit be between 1.0 % and 2.0 %, and that an intermediate group with a balance between the concentration of the three cannabinoids be adopted. Keywords: hemp; THC; CBG; heritability; breeding; cannabinoid profile.
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ROCHA, Sergio Barbosa Ferreira. Classificação de genótipos de Cannabis sativa L. com base no quimiotipo. 2026. 78 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
