Relação proteína bruta/carboidratos não fibrosos em dietas de juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri)
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O pacamã, Lophiosilurus alexandri, peixe de habito alimentar carnívoro e comportamento sedentário, apresenta potencial para criação em cativeiro, em função do seu potencial de crescimento, alto rendimento de filé, qualidade de carne - isenta de espinhos intramusculares -, e potencial uso como espécie ornamental. Espécies carnívoras são menos tolerantes à altos níveis de carboidratos, e mais exigentes em proteína, do que espécies herbívoras e onívoras. Todavia, a inclusão de carboidratos na dieta de espécies carnívoras, em níveis adequados, pode contribuir para maximizar o crescimento, aumentando a eficiência de produção, além de diminuir o custo da dieta e a produção de excretas nitrogenadas pelos peixes. Portanto, com esta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar diferentes relações de proteína bruta/carboidratos não fibrosos (PB/CNF) sobre o desempeho desempenho produtivo e eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes de juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri). Foram desenvolvidos dois ensaios consecutivos, sendo o primeiro em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e três repetições, no qual foram avaliados: desempenho produtivo, composição corporal, histomorfometria e variáveis metabólicas do fígado e músculo, e variáveis plasmáticas dos juvenis de pacamã. O segundo foi conduzido em esquema quadrado latino (4X4), no qual se determinou os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das dietas. Em ambos os ensaios os tratamentos constaram das relações:0,78; 1,02; 1,26 e 1,60 Proteína bruta/carboidrato não fibroso (PB/CNF); sendo isoenergéticas (4573 ± 33 Kcal. Kg-1) e isolipídicas (11,7 ± 0,4 %), com as mesmas relações proteína animal/proteína vegetal (0,94), percentual de lisina (5,55 %) e metionina (2,55 %) em relação à proteína dietética, diferindo apenas na adição de 0,1 % óxido de cromo III, nas dietas utilizadas durante o segundo ensaio. Relações estimadas entre 1,10 e 1,37 PB/CNF foram as que resultaram no melhor desempenho produtivo de juvenis de pacamã, como evidenciado pelo maior ganho de peso (GP) e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) e melhor conversão alimentar (CA). As correlações positivas entre GP e TCE com a frequência de fibras musculares com diâmetro maior que 50 μm (FMG) mostram que o aumento de peso ocorreu principalmente devido a hipertrofia das fibras musculares. Relações PB/CNF adequadas proporcionaram maior concentração de glicogênio, proteínas totais e lipídios totais no tecido muscular, os quais foram positivamente correlacionados com a hipertrofia das fibras musculares, e com o crescimento dos juvenis de pacamã. O pior desempenho produtivo e menor eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes observados para os peixes alimentados com a dieta 0,78 PB/CNF devem estar relacionados com a baixa digestibilidade dos carboidratos não fibrosos pelo pacamã. As menores relações PB/CNF também apresentaram os menores coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína, energia e gordura bruta. No entanto, a boa tolerância a carboidratos não fibrosos dos pacamãs é reforçada pela ausência de mortalidade, alterações glicêmicas ou acúmulo de gordura nas vísceras ou na carcaça. A obtenção de energia através de aminoácidos mostra-se menos eficiente do que de carboidratos não fibrosos, sendo que o excesso de proteína na dieta promoveu queda no desempenho produtivo, sobrecarga do tecido hepático, hiperlipidemia e insuficiência renal nos juvenis de pacamã. Embora haja melhoria na qualidade de carcaça, evidenciada pela maior concentração de proteína na carcaça dos juvenis de pacamã alimentados com as dietas contendo as maiores PB/CNF. Portanto, recomenda-se a utilização de relações PB/CNF entre 1,10 e 1,37 para juvenis de pacamã por potencializar o desempenho dos animais, sem prejudicar a saúde dos mesmos.
The pacamã, Lophiosilurus alexandri, a carnivorous feeding habit and sedentary behavior fish presents potential for captive rearing due to its growth potential, high yield of fillet, meat quality, which is free of intramuscular spines, and potential use as an ornamental species. Carnivorous species are less tolerant to high levels of carbohydrates and more demanding in protein than herbivorous and omnivorous species. However, the inclusion of carbohydrates in the diet of carnivorous species at adequate levels can contribute to maximize growth, increasing production efficiency, and decrease the cost with the diets and the production of nitrogen excreta by the fish. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate different crude protein/non-fibrous carbohydrate (CP/NFC) ratios on the productive performance and nutrient utilization efficiency of pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) juveniles. Two consecutive trials were carried out, the first one in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates, on which productive performance, body composition, histomorphometry and metabolic variables of liver and muscle, and plasma variables of the pacamã juveniles were evaluated. The second trial was conducted in a Latin square scheme (4X4), on which the coefficients of apparent digestibility of the diets were evaluated. In both trials the treatments consisted of Crude protein/non-fibrous carbohydrates ratios (CP/NFC): 0.78, 1.02, 1.26 and 1.60. The diets of the two trials were isoenergetic (4573 ± 33 Kcal. Kg-1) and isolipidic (11.7 ± 0.4 %), with the same animal protein/vegetable protein ratio (0.94), lysine (5.55 %) and methionine (2.55 %) percentage in relation to dietary protein, differing only in the addition of 0.1 % chromium oxide III in the diets used during the second trial. Estimated ratios between 1.10 and 1.37 CP/NFC were those which resulted in the best productive performance of pacamã juveniles, as evidenced by higher weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) and better feed conversion (FC). The positive correlations between WG and SGR with the frequency of muscle fibers with diameter larger than 50 μm (FMG) show that the weight gain occurred mainly due to hypertrophy of the muscle fibers. Adequate CP/NFC ratio in the diets provided higher glycogen, total proteins and total lipids concentration in the muscle tissue, which were positively correlated with muscle fiber hypertrophy, and with the growth of the pacamã juveniles. The worst productive performance and lower nutrient utilization efficiency observed for fish fed with the 0.78 CP/NFC diet should be related to low digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates by pacamã. The lower CP/NFC ratios also had the lowest digestibility coefficients of protein, energy and crude fat. However, the good tolerance to non-fibrous carbohydrates of pacamãs is reinforced by the absence of mortality, glycemic alterations or accumulation of fat in the viscera or in the carcass. Obtaining energy through amino acids is shown to be less efficient than through non-fibrous carbohydrates, and the excess of dietary protein promoted a decrease in productive performance, hepatic tissue overload, hyperlipidemia and renal insufficiency in pacamã juveniles. Although there is improvement in carcass quality, evidenced by the higher protein concentration in the carcass of pacamã juveniles fed with the diets containing the highest CP/NFC. Therefore, the use of CP/NFC relations between 1.10 and 1.37 is recommended for pacamã juveniles for optimizing the performance of the animals without harming their health.
The pacamã, Lophiosilurus alexandri, a carnivorous feeding habit and sedentary behavior fish presents potential for captive rearing due to its growth potential, high yield of fillet, meat quality, which is free of intramuscular spines, and potential use as an ornamental species. Carnivorous species are less tolerant to high levels of carbohydrates and more demanding in protein than herbivorous and omnivorous species. However, the inclusion of carbohydrates in the diet of carnivorous species at adequate levels can contribute to maximize growth, increasing production efficiency, and decrease the cost with the diets and the production of nitrogen excreta by the fish. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate different crude protein/non-fibrous carbohydrate (CP/NFC) ratios on the productive performance and nutrient utilization efficiency of pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) juveniles. Two consecutive trials were carried out, the first one in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates, on which productive performance, body composition, histomorphometry and metabolic variables of liver and muscle, and plasma variables of the pacamã juveniles were evaluated. The second trial was conducted in a Latin square scheme (4X4), on which the coefficients of apparent digestibility of the diets were evaluated. In both trials the treatments consisted of Crude protein/non-fibrous carbohydrates ratios (CP/NFC): 0.78, 1.02, 1.26 and 1.60. The diets of the two trials were isoenergetic (4573 ± 33 Kcal. Kg-1) and isolipidic (11.7 ± 0.4 %), with the same animal protein/vegetable protein ratio (0.94), lysine (5.55 %) and methionine (2.55 %) percentage in relation to dietary protein, differing only in the addition of 0.1 % chromium oxide III in the diets used during the second trial. Estimated ratios between 1.10 and 1.37 CP/NFC were those which resulted in the best productive performance of pacamã juveniles, as evidenced by higher weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) and better feed conversion (FC). The positive correlations between WG and SGR with the frequency of muscle fibers with diameter larger than 50 μm (FMG) show that the weight gain occurred mainly due to hypertrophy of the muscle fibers. Adequate CP/NFC ratio in the diets provided higher glycogen, total proteins and total lipids concentration in the muscle tissue, which were positively correlated with muscle fiber hypertrophy, and with the growth of the pacamã juveniles. The worst productive performance and lower nutrient utilization efficiency observed for fish fed with the 0.78 CP/NFC diet should be related to low digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates by pacamã. The lower CP/NFC ratios also had the lowest digestibility coefficients of protein, energy and crude fat. However, the good tolerance to non-fibrous carbohydrates of pacamãs is reinforced by the absence of mortality, glycemic alterations or accumulation of fat in the viscera or in the carcass. Obtaining energy through amino acids is shown to be less efficient than through non-fibrous carbohydrates, and the excess of dietary protein promoted a decrease in productive performance, hepatic tissue overload, hyperlipidemia and renal insufficiency in pacamã juveniles. Although there is improvement in carcass quality, evidenced by the higher protein concentration in the carcass of pacamã juveniles fed with the diets containing the highest CP/NFC. Therefore, the use of CP/NFC relations between 1.10 and 1.37 is recommended for pacamã juveniles for optimizing the performance of the animals without harming their health.
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OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, José Carlos de. Relação proteína bruta/carboidratos não fibrosos em dietas de juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri). 2017. 76 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Animal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2017.
