Efeito do consumo de óleos vegetais e restrição calórica em marcadores metabólicos e associação entre consumo alimentar e marcadores de glicação em mulheres com excesso de gordura corporal
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Indivíduos com excesso de gordura corporal apresentam acúmulo de produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs), além de alterações metabólicas como inflamação, estresse oxidativo, e controle do apetite comprometido. O efeito do perfil de ácidos graxos da dieta, conteúdo de AGEs alimentares (dAGEs) e dos alimentos ultraprocessados nesses marcadores metabólicos ainda precisa ser esclarecido. Nossos objetivos foram avaliar o efeito do consumo de três óleos vegetais em marcadores metabólicos em mulheres com excesso de gordura corporal, bem como o perfil de hormônios relacionados ao apetite; e testar as associações entre os componentes alimentares e os marcadores de glicação. Nós realizamos um estudo randomizado paralelo e duplo-cego envolvendo 112 mulheres. As participantes consumiram diariamente 25 ml de óleo de soja (SO), azeite de oliva extra virgem (EVOO) ou óleo de coco (CO) associado à restrição calórica de 500 kcal/dia por nove semanas. Foram avaliadas medidas antropométricas, de composição corporal, ingestão alimentar e concentrações sanguíneas de marcadores de glicação, inflamação, estresse oxidativo e hormônios relacionados ao apetite no baseline e no último dia da intervenção. O efeito da intervenção foi avaliado por modelos lineares generalizados (comparações entre-grupos), testes t pareado ou teste de Wilcoxon (comparações intra-grupos). Avaliamos o perfil de hormônios relacionados ao baseline através de análise de componentes principais e cluster. Associações foram testadas por regressões lineares simples. Os resultados obtidos dessas avaliações são estão descritos em três artigos originais. Artigo 1 – EVOO e SO reduziram a razão AGEs/receptor solúvel de AGEs (sRAGE). EVOO apresentou maiores concentrações de receptor secretor endógeno para AGEs (esRAGE) do que CO. SO e CO reduziram sRAGE. Todos os grupos apresentaram redução da concentração de AGEs e aumento da atividade das enzimas catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD), enquanto apenas EVOO e SO aumentaram o poder antioxidante de redução de ferro (FRAP). As participantes apresentaram baixas concentrações de citocinas ao início e ao final da intervenção, impossibilitando a verificação de efeitos clínicos relevantes. Artigo 2 – As concentrações de peptídeo semelhante ao glucagon-1 (GLP-1) aumentaram nos três grupos experimentais, enquanto neuropeptídeo Y (NPY) reduziu no grupo SO. O grupo CO apresentou maiores valores de razão adiponectina/leptina do que o grupo EVOO. Artigo 3 – O consumo de carboidratos e calorias foi associado às concentrações séricas de AGEs, enquanto a densidade de proteínas se associou negativamente. Portanto, nós concluímos que o consumo do azeite de oliva ou óleo de soja associado às dietas restritas em calorias promoveram mais benefícios nos marcadores de glicação e de estresse oxidativo do que óleo de coco. Os óleos testados foram capazes de alterar os hormônios relacionados ao apetite, sem alterar o consumo calórico, antropometria e composição corporal em mulheres com excesso gordura corporal. O consumo de carboidratos, calorias e proteínas se associou aos AGEs séricos. Por outro lado, os dAGEs e o grau de processamento dos alimentos não se associaram às concentrações séricas dos marcadores de glicação. Palavras-chave: ácidos graxos monoinsaturados; ácidos graxos poli-insaturados; ácidos graxos saturados; dietas restritas em calorias; gorduras na dieta; produtos finais de glicação avançada
Individuals with excess body fat present advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, and metabolic alterations, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and poor appetite control. The effects of dietary fatty acid profile, dietary AGEs (dAGEs) content, and ultra-processed foods on these metabolic markers remain to be elucidated. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of the consumption of three vegetable oils on metabolic markers in women with excess body fat, including the appetite-related hormone profile, and to test the associations between dietary components and glycation markers. We conducted a randomized trial involving 112 women. Participants daily consumed 25 ml of soybean oil (SO), extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), or coconut oil (CO) in conjunction with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal/day for nine weeks. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, food intake, and blood concentrations of glycation, inflammation, oxidative stress markers, and appetite-related hormones were assessed at baseline and on the last day of the intervention. The effect of the intervention was assessed using generalized linear models (between-groups comparisons), paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests (intra-group comparisons). We evaluated the profile of hormones related to baseline through principal component and cluster analysis. Associations were tested by simple linear regressions. The results obtained in these assessments are described in three original articles. Article 1 – EVOO and SO reduced the AGE/soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE) ratio. EVOO showed higher concentrations of endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs (esRAGE) than CO. SO and CO reduced sRAGE. All groups reduced AGEs and increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activities, while only EVOO and SO increased iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Participants exhibited low cytokine concentrations at the beginning and at the end of the intervention, precluding the assessment of any clinically relevant effects. Article 2 – Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations increased in the three experimental groups, while neuropeptide Y (NPY) decreased in the SO group. CO group had a higher adiponectin/leptin ratio than the EVOO group. Article 3 – Carbohydrate and calorie intake were associated with serum AGEs concentrations, whereas protein density was negatively associated. Therefore, we conclude that consumption of olive oil or soybean oil associated with calorie-restricted diets promoted more benefits in glycation and oxidative stress markers than coconut oil. The oils were able to alter appetite-related hormones without altering caloric intake, anthropometry, and body composition in women with excess body fat. Carbohydrate, calorie, and protein intake were associated with serum AGEs. In contrast, dAGEs and the degree of food processing were not associated with serum concentrations of glycation markers. Keywords: monounsaturated fatty acids; polyunsaturated fatty acids; saturated fatty acids; calorie-restricted diets; dietary fats; advanced glycation end products
Individuals with excess body fat present advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, and metabolic alterations, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and poor appetite control. The effects of dietary fatty acid profile, dietary AGEs (dAGEs) content, and ultra-processed foods on these metabolic markers remain to be elucidated. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of the consumption of three vegetable oils on metabolic markers in women with excess body fat, including the appetite-related hormone profile, and to test the associations between dietary components and glycation markers. We conducted a randomized trial involving 112 women. Participants daily consumed 25 ml of soybean oil (SO), extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), or coconut oil (CO) in conjunction with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal/day for nine weeks. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, food intake, and blood concentrations of glycation, inflammation, oxidative stress markers, and appetite-related hormones were assessed at baseline and on the last day of the intervention. The effect of the intervention was assessed using generalized linear models (between-groups comparisons), paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests (intra-group comparisons). We evaluated the profile of hormones related to baseline through principal component and cluster analysis. Associations were tested by simple linear regressions. The results obtained in these assessments are described in three original articles. Article 1 – EVOO and SO reduced the AGE/soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE) ratio. EVOO showed higher concentrations of endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs (esRAGE) than CO. SO and CO reduced sRAGE. All groups reduced AGEs and increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activities, while only EVOO and SO increased iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Participants exhibited low cytokine concentrations at the beginning and at the end of the intervention, precluding the assessment of any clinically relevant effects. Article 2 – Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations increased in the three experimental groups, while neuropeptide Y (NPY) decreased in the SO group. CO group had a higher adiponectin/leptin ratio than the EVOO group. Article 3 – Carbohydrate and calorie intake were associated with serum AGEs concentrations, whereas protein density was negatively associated. Therefore, we conclude that consumption of olive oil or soybean oil associated with calorie-restricted diets promoted more benefits in glycation and oxidative stress markers than coconut oil. The oils were able to alter appetite-related hormones without altering caloric intake, anthropometry, and body composition in women with excess body fat. Carbohydrate, calorie, and protein intake were associated with serum AGEs. In contrast, dAGEs and the degree of food processing were not associated with serum concentrations of glycation markers. Keywords: monounsaturated fatty acids; polyunsaturated fatty acids; saturated fatty acids; calorie-restricted diets; dietary fats; advanced glycation end products
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ANDRADE, Julia Silva Oliveira. Efeito do consumo de óleos vegetais e restrição calórica em marcadores metabólicos e associação entre consumo alimentar e marcadores de glicação em mulheres com excesso de gordura corporal. 2025. 155 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
