Suplementação luminosa no desenvolvimento, fisiologia e componentes produtivos de milho verde
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2024-11-28
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Esta tese foi dividida em dois capítulos: Capitulo I – Objetivou-se avaliar as características de crescimento, metabolismo de carboidratos das folhas, parâmetros fotossintéticos e produção de plantas de milho cultivados na 1ª e 2ª safra em condições de suplementação luminosa, fornecida em diferentes estádios fenológicos do milho. O experimento foi conduzido em campo na safra 2022/23, sob delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados cinco tempos de suplementação luminosa (0, 20, 40, 80 e 160 segundos), que correspondiam aos tempos/m2 do percurso das torres de pivô central e um tempo adicional de três horas de luz, que foram aplicados durante 7 dias, seguindo um intervalo de 7 dias entre as aplicações dos tratamentos, iniciando quando 50% da área estava no estádio V4. Na 1ª safra as avaliações de crescimento foram realizadas nos estádios V4, V8, V10 e VT e na 2ª safra as avaliações de crescimento foram realizadas nos estádios V4, V8, V10, V12 e VT. Após atingir o pendoamento, foi realizada aplicação diária até a colheita no ponto de milho-verde (R3), onde se realizou as avaliações de produtividade. As características avaliadas foram: altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, área foliar, índice de clorofila a, b e total, massa fresca e seca da parte vegetativa, reprodutiva e total, número de entrenós, altura de inserção da espiga, número e comprimento de entrenós, comprimento e diâmetro de espiga, número e peso de espiga de espigas sem palha ha-1, açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcares redutores (AR), açúcares não-redutores (ANR) e amido da folha; taxa fotossintética, transpiratória e condutância estomática. A suplementação luminosa com três horas promove aumento da área foliar e altura de inserção da espiga. Porém, causa redução da massa fresca e seca da parte reprodutiva, bem como no diâmetro do colmo e da espiga de milho. A resposta morfológica da planta a suplementação de luz por três horas e em pulsos depende do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta de milho. No entanto, a suplementação luminosa com LEDs por três horas e em pulsos não afeta a fotossíntese e não proporciona aumento produtivo para a cultura do milho. Capítulo II – Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar a influência da suplementação luminosa, fornecida em diferentes estádios fenológicos do milho, sobre as características de crescimento, metabolismo de carboidratos das folhas, parâmetros fotossintéticos e produção de plantas de milho cultivados na 1ª e 2ª safra. Para isso, foram avaliados cinco tempos de suplementação luminosa (0, 20, 40, 80 e 160 segundos), que correspondiam aos tempos/m2 do percurso das torres de pivô central de irrigação. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em intervalos de sete dias durante os estádios vegetativos, iniciando quando 50% da área estava no estádio V4. Na 1ª safra as avaliações de crescimento realizaram-se nos estádios V4, V8, V10 e VT e na 2ª safra as avaliações de crescimento foram realizadas nos estádios V4, V8, V10, V12 e VT. Após atingir o pendoamento (VT), foi realizada aplicação diária até a colheita no ponto de milho-verde (R3), onde se realizou as avaliações de produtividade. Foram analisadas: altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, área foliar, índice de clorofila a, b e total, massa fresca e seca da parte vegetativa, reprodutiva e total, número de entrenós, altura de inserção da espiga, açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcares redutores (AR), açúcares não-redutores (ANR) e amido da folha; taxa fotossintética e transpiratória; comprimento e diâmetro de espiga, número e peso de espiga de espigas sem palha ha-1. Os pulsos luminosos (20s, 40s, 80s e 160s), aplicados no milho promovem modificações na concentração de clorofila “b”, número de entrenós, comprimento de espiga, massa seca da parte reprodutiva e nos teores de açúcares solúveis totais, açúcares redutores e amido das plantas de milho. O aumento progressivo nos pulsos luminosos é capaz de estimular o ganho de massa seca da parte reprodutiva e de aumentar o número de entrenós da planta de milho. Embora o milho seja responsivo ao incremento luminoso, a pulsação de luz por alguns segundos durante a noite foi insuficiente para aumentar para gerar alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas que promovessem o aumento produtivo para a cultura do milho. O fornecimento de luz suplementar via pivô central de irrigação na cultura do milho, ainda necessita de mais estudos para validar a eficiência dessa tecnologia para obter ganhos de produtividade desse cereal. Palavras-chave: luz artificial; diodos emissores de luz; fenologia; metabolismo de carboidratos.
This thesis was divided into two chapters: Chapter I – The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth characteristics, leaf carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthetic parameters and production of corn plants grown in the 1st and 2nd harvests under light supplementation conditions, provided at different phenological stages of corn. The experiment was conducted in the field in the 2022/23 harvest, under a randomized block design, with four replications. Five times of light supplementation were evaluated (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 seconds), which corresponded to the times/m2 of the central pivot towers' path and an additional time of three hours of light, which were applied during 7 days, following a 7-day interval between treatment applications, starting when 50% of the area was at the V4 stage. In the 1st harvest, growth assessments were performed at the V4, V8, V10 and VT stages and in the 2nd harvest, growth assessments were performed at the V4, V8, V10, V12 and VT stages. After reaching tasseling, daily application was performed until harvest at the sweetcorn point (R3), where productivity assessments were performed. The evaluated characteristics were: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total index, fresh and dry mass of the vegetative, reproductive and total parts, number of internodes, ear insertion height, number and length of internodes, ear length and diameter, number and weight of ears without straw ha-1, total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), non-reducing sugars (ANR) and leaf starch; photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Light supplementation for three hours promotes an increase in leaf area and ear insertion height. However, it causes a reduction in fresh and dry mass of the reproductive part, as well as in the diameter of the stalk and ear of corn. The morphological response of the plant to light supplementation for three hours and in pulses depends on the development stage of the corn plant. However, light supplementation with LEDs for three hours and in pulses does not affect photosynthesis and does not provide increased production for the corn crop. Chapter II – This research aimed to evaluate the influence of light supplementation, provided at different phenological stages of corn, on growth characteristics, leaf carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthetic parameters and production of corn plants grown in the 1st and 2nd harvest. For this purpose, five times of light supplementation were evaluated (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 seconds), corresponding to the times/m2 of the path of the central pivot irrigation towers. The treatments were applied at seven- day intervals during the vegetative stages, starting when 50% of the area was at the V4 stage. In the 1st harvest, growth evaluations were carried out at the V4, V8, V10 and VT stages and in the 2nd harvest, growth evaluations were carried out at the V4, V8, V10, V12 and VT stages. After reaching tasseling (VT), daily application was carried out until harvest at the sweetcorn point (R3), where productivity assessments were performed. The following were analyzed: plant height, stalk diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total index, fresh and dry mass of the vegetative, reproductive and total parts, number of internodes, ear insertion height, total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), non-reducing sugars (ANR) and leaf starch; photosynthetic and transpiration rate; ear length and diameter, number and weight of ears without straw ha-1. Light pulses (20s, 40s, 80s and 160s) applied to corn promote changes in the concentration of chlorophyll “b”, number of internodes, ear length, dry mass of the reproductive part and in the contents of total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and starch of corn plants. The progressive increase in light pulses is capable of stimulating the gain of dry mass of the reproductive part and increasing the number of internodes of the corn plant. Although corn is responsive to increased light, light pulses for a few seconds during the night were insufficient to generate morphological and physiological changes that would promote increased productivity for the corn crop. The provision of supplemental light via central pivot irrigation in corn crops still requires further studies to validate the efficiency of this technology to obtain productivity gains for this cereal. Keywords: artificial light; light-emitting diodes; phenology; carbohydrate; metabolism.
This thesis was divided into two chapters: Chapter I – The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth characteristics, leaf carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthetic parameters and production of corn plants grown in the 1st and 2nd harvests under light supplementation conditions, provided at different phenological stages of corn. The experiment was conducted in the field in the 2022/23 harvest, under a randomized block design, with four replications. Five times of light supplementation were evaluated (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 seconds), which corresponded to the times/m2 of the central pivot towers' path and an additional time of three hours of light, which were applied during 7 days, following a 7-day interval between treatment applications, starting when 50% of the area was at the V4 stage. In the 1st harvest, growth assessments were performed at the V4, V8, V10 and VT stages and in the 2nd harvest, growth assessments were performed at the V4, V8, V10, V12 and VT stages. After reaching tasseling, daily application was performed until harvest at the sweetcorn point (R3), where productivity assessments were performed. The evaluated characteristics were: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total index, fresh and dry mass of the vegetative, reproductive and total parts, number of internodes, ear insertion height, number and length of internodes, ear length and diameter, number and weight of ears without straw ha-1, total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), non-reducing sugars (ANR) and leaf starch; photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Light supplementation for three hours promotes an increase in leaf area and ear insertion height. However, it causes a reduction in fresh and dry mass of the reproductive part, as well as in the diameter of the stalk and ear of corn. The morphological response of the plant to light supplementation for three hours and in pulses depends on the development stage of the corn plant. However, light supplementation with LEDs for three hours and in pulses does not affect photosynthesis and does not provide increased production for the corn crop. Chapter II – This research aimed to evaluate the influence of light supplementation, provided at different phenological stages of corn, on growth characteristics, leaf carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthetic parameters and production of corn plants grown in the 1st and 2nd harvest. For this purpose, five times of light supplementation were evaluated (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 seconds), corresponding to the times/m2 of the path of the central pivot irrigation towers. The treatments were applied at seven- day intervals during the vegetative stages, starting when 50% of the area was at the V4 stage. In the 1st harvest, growth evaluations were carried out at the V4, V8, V10 and VT stages and in the 2nd harvest, growth evaluations were carried out at the V4, V8, V10, V12 and VT stages. After reaching tasseling (VT), daily application was carried out until harvest at the sweetcorn point (R3), where productivity assessments were performed. The following were analyzed: plant height, stalk diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total index, fresh and dry mass of the vegetative, reproductive and total parts, number of internodes, ear insertion height, total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), non-reducing sugars (ANR) and leaf starch; photosynthetic and transpiration rate; ear length and diameter, number and weight of ears without straw ha-1. Light pulses (20s, 40s, 80s and 160s) applied to corn promote changes in the concentration of chlorophyll “b”, number of internodes, ear length, dry mass of the reproductive part and in the contents of total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and starch of corn plants. The progressive increase in light pulses is capable of stimulating the gain of dry mass of the reproductive part and increasing the number of internodes of the corn plant. Although corn is responsive to increased light, light pulses for a few seconds during the night were insufficient to generate morphological and physiological changes that would promote increased productivity for the corn crop. The provision of supplemental light via central pivot irrigation in corn crops still requires further studies to validate the efficiency of this technology to obtain productivity gains for this cereal. Keywords: artificial light; light-emitting diodes; phenology; carbohydrate; metabolism.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Milho - Fenologia, Milho - Crescimento - Efeito da luz, Carboidratos - Metabolismo, Folhas - Anatomia
Citação
GONÇALVES, Dreice Nascimento. Suplementação luminosa no desenvolvimento, fisiologia e componentes produtivos de milho verde. 2024. 59 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.