Efeito do pré-tratamento com ultrassom associado à secagem na qualidade do óleo essencial de Cyperus rotundus e na eficácia antimicrobiana da formulação elaborada
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Em diversas partes do mundo, os medicamentos fitoterápicos são tradicionalmente empregados para tratar doenças. Entre as espécies utilizadas na medicina tradicional, Cyperus rotundus L. destaca-se pelas suas atividades terapêuticas. Uma característica comum das plantas medicinais é a alta perecibilidade devido ao elevado teor de água após a colheita. Por meio da secagem possibilita a conservação do produto, através da redução da atividade da água a valores seguros, nos quais ocorre a interrupção do crescimento de microrganismos e de reações enzimáticas. Entretanto, dependendo do método de secagem, das condições envolvidas e da espécie vegetal, transformações podem ocorrer, potencializando ou não as propriedades medicinais. O pré-tratamento ultrassônico facilita a migração de água nas células e aumenta a taxa de secagem. O presente trabalho encontra-se dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro referiu-se a revisão de literatura sobre as propriedades medicinais da planta e o uso do ultrassom na secagem. O segundo capítulo avaliou-se a influência de diferentes temperaturas de secagem associadas ao pré-tratamento ultrassônico, na cinética de secagem, no rendimento e na composição do óleo essencial extraído de tubérculos coletados. O terceiro capítulo foi analisada a atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial e do sabonete líquido à base do óleo extraído de tubérculos de C. rotundus cultivados. Os ensaios foram realizados segundo um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) considerando dois fatores com os seguintes intervalos: duração do banho de ultrassom de 0 a 40 min e temperatura do ar de secagem de 40 a 70 ºC. Foram propostos modelos matemáticos para descrever as curvas de secagem. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação e seus constituintes foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC–MS). Análises histoquímicas de tubérculos frescos foram realizadas utilizando Lugol, azul de Alcian, Safranina, cloreto férrico, Sudam III, Sudan black B e luz ultravioleta. A atividade antimicrobiana de óleo essencial C. rotundus e do sabonete líquido íntimo foi estudada contra Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Candida albicans usando o método de microdiluição. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) foram estimadas para cada microrganismo. O tempo de secagem dos tubérculos de C. rotundus foi dependente somente da temperatura (efeito linear decrescente). Não foi possível ajustar um modelo para tempo de banho de ultrassom e temperatura de secagem que otimizassem tanto o rendimento do óleo essencial quanto o tempo de secagem dos tubérculos de C. rotundus. Nos doze tratamentos de secagem avaliados, em onze os compostos 3,4-dimetil-3-ciclohexen- 1-carboxaldeído, óxido de cariofileno e a-ciperona foram encontrados em maiores concentrações (entre 17,85-25,38%; 17,27-25,26%; 4,95-11,34%, respectivamente). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos nas temperaturas e tempos de banho de ultrassom intermediários, em que ocorreu melhora na qualidade do produto em comparação com os tubérculos frescos (controle). As análises histoquímicas nos tubérculos de C. rotundus mostraram a presença de amido, compostos fenólicos e lipídios. O óleo e o sabonete líquido íntimo de C. rotundus apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra bactérias (S. aureus e S. epidermidis) e contra a levedura C. albicans. O estudo demonstrou que o óleo essencial extraído de C. rotundus tem aplicações potenciais para uso nas indústrias cosmética e farmacêutica. Palavras-chave: tiririca; atividade antibacteriana; atividade antifúngica; planta medicinal; qualidade.
In various parts of the world, herbal medicines are traditionally used to treat diseases. Among the species used in traditional medicine, Cyperus rotundus L. stands out for its therapeutic activities. A common characteristic of medicinal plants is their high perishability due to the high water content after harvest. Drying allows for the preservation of the product by reducing water activity to safe levels, which halts microbial growth and enzymatic reactions. However, depending on the drying method, conditions involved, and the plant species, transformations may occur that can enhance or diminish the medicinal properties. Ultrasonic pretreatment facilitates water migration within cells and increases the drying rate. This work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter covers a literature review on the medicinal properties of the plant and the use of ultrasound in drying. The second chapter evaluates the influence of different drying temperatures combined with ultrasonic pretreatment on the drying kinetics, yield, and composition of essential oil extracted from collected tubers. The third chapter analyzes the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and liquid soap containing essential oil from cultivated C. rotundus tubers. The experiments were conducted following a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD), considering two factors with the following ranges: ultrasound bath duration from 0 to 40 minutes and drying air temperature from 40 to 70 °C. Mathematical models were proposed to describe the drying curves. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its constituents were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Histochemical analyses of fresh tubers were conducted using Lugol, Alcian blue, Safranin, ferric chloride, Sudan III, Sudan black B, and ultraviolet light. The antimicrobial activity of C. rotundus essential oil and intimate liquid soap was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans using the microdilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were estimated for each microorganism. The drying time of C. rotundus tubers depended solely on temperature (decreasing linear effect). It was not possible to fit a model for ultrasound bath time and drying temperature that optimized both the essential oil yield and drying time of C. rotundus tubers. Among the twelve drying treatments evaluated, eleven showed the compounds 3,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1- carboxaldehyde, caryophyllene oxide, and a-cyperone in higher concentrations (ranging from 17.85-25.38%; 17.27-25.26%; 4.95-11.34%, respectively). The best results were obtained at intermediate ultrasound bath durations and temperatures, leading to an improvement in product quality compared to fresh tubers (control). Histochemical analyses of C. rotundus tubers revealed the presence of starch, phenolic compounds, and lipids. The essential oil and intimate liquid soap from C. rotundus showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) and the yeast C. albicans. The study demonstrated that the essential oil extracted from C. rotundus has potential applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: nutgrass; antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; medicinal plant ; quality.
In various parts of the world, herbal medicines are traditionally used to treat diseases. Among the species used in traditional medicine, Cyperus rotundus L. stands out for its therapeutic activities. A common characteristic of medicinal plants is their high perishability due to the high water content after harvest. Drying allows for the preservation of the product by reducing water activity to safe levels, which halts microbial growth and enzymatic reactions. However, depending on the drying method, conditions involved, and the plant species, transformations may occur that can enhance or diminish the medicinal properties. Ultrasonic pretreatment facilitates water migration within cells and increases the drying rate. This work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter covers a literature review on the medicinal properties of the plant and the use of ultrasound in drying. The second chapter evaluates the influence of different drying temperatures combined with ultrasonic pretreatment on the drying kinetics, yield, and composition of essential oil extracted from collected tubers. The third chapter analyzes the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and liquid soap containing essential oil from cultivated C. rotundus tubers. The experiments were conducted following a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD), considering two factors with the following ranges: ultrasound bath duration from 0 to 40 minutes and drying air temperature from 40 to 70 °C. Mathematical models were proposed to describe the drying curves. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its constituents were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Histochemical analyses of fresh tubers were conducted using Lugol, Alcian blue, Safranin, ferric chloride, Sudan III, Sudan black B, and ultraviolet light. The antimicrobial activity of C. rotundus essential oil and intimate liquid soap was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans using the microdilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were estimated for each microorganism. The drying time of C. rotundus tubers depended solely on temperature (decreasing linear effect). It was not possible to fit a model for ultrasound bath time and drying temperature that optimized both the essential oil yield and drying time of C. rotundus tubers. Among the twelve drying treatments evaluated, eleven showed the compounds 3,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1- carboxaldehyde, caryophyllene oxide, and a-cyperone in higher concentrations (ranging from 17.85-25.38%; 17.27-25.26%; 4.95-11.34%, respectively). The best results were obtained at intermediate ultrasound bath durations and temperatures, leading to an improvement in product quality compared to fresh tubers (control). Histochemical analyses of C. rotundus tubers revealed the presence of starch, phenolic compounds, and lipids. The essential oil and intimate liquid soap from C. rotundus showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) and the yeast C. albicans. The study demonstrated that the essential oil extracted from C. rotundus has potential applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: nutgrass; antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; medicinal plant ; quality.
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RIBEIRO, Tatiany Ciríaco. Efeito do pré-tratamento com ultrassom associado à secagem na qualidade do óleo essencial de Cyperus rotundus e na eficácia antimicrobiana da formulação elaborada. 2024. 123 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
