Eventos extremos de calor e seca no período de cultivo da soja e do trigo no Sul do Brasil: uma análise baseada em índices climáticos
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A contínua elevação da temperatura média da superfície global tem aumentado a frequência e a intensidade dos eventos extremos de calor e secas, tornando a produção agrícola mais instável. A Região Sul do Brasil não é exceção nesse cenário, devido aos impactos significativos sobre culturas economicamente relevantes à nível nacional, como a soja e o trigo. A investigação da manifestação e intensificação dos extremos climáticos, ao longo do ciclo de cultivo dessas culturas, é primordial para a implementação de medidas adaptativas diante dessa emergência climática. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar as tendências de índices climáticos extremos nos períodos de cultivo dessas culturas. Foram utilizados dados climáticos diários, de 1961 a 2024, provenientes do Brazilian Daily Weather Gridded Data, aplicando-se índices associados a extremos de temperatura e déficit de pressão de vapor (VPD), bem como índices de seca meteorológicos e o índice climático de umidade. Posteriormente, os dados foram recortados com base em duas definições distintas de período de cultivo: o Período Apto para o Cultivo, delimitado pela janela de plantio recomendada pelo Zoneamento Agrícola de Risco Climático e pelo ciclo médio das cultivares registradas; e o Período Efetivo de Cultivo, definido espacial e temporalmente com base no calendário fenológico da soja, elaborado a partir de estudo guiado por ajustes nas curvas da fluorescência da clorofila induzida pela radiação solar. Por fim, as tendências das métricas associadas aos índices climáticos extremos e aos eventos detectados foram estimadas por meio de Inclinação de Sen, em conjunto com o teste de Mann- Kendall. Os resultados indicam intensificação do estresse térmico em todos os cultivos analisados, ao passo que o estresse por VPD apresentou sinais de escalada, especialmente na porção setentrional da região. Em relação às condições hídricas, observou-se heterogeneidade espacial, com agravamento das secas em direção às fronteiras continentais. Tais alterações climáticas podem comprometer a estabilidade da produtividade agrícola regional, caso não sejam adotadas estratégias de adaptação no manejo das culturas, as quais devem ser adequadas ao sinal climático extremo característico de cada área de cultivo.Palavras-chave: tendências; secas; extremos de calor; cultivo da soja; trigo; Sul do Brasil
The continuous rise in global mean surface temperature has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme heat and drought events, making agricultural production more unstable. The Southern Region of Brazil is no exception to this scenario, as evidenced by the significant impacts on economically important crops at the national level, such as soybean and wheat. Investigating the occurrence and intensification of climate extremes throughout the growing season of these crops is essential for the implementation of adaptive measures in the face of this climate emergency. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the trends of extreme climate indices during the cultivation periods of these crops. Daily climate data from 1961 to 2024 were obtained from the Brazilian Daily Weather Gridded Data, and indices related to temperature extremes and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were applied, along with meteorological drought indices and the Climate Humidity Index. Subsequently, the data were filtered based on two distinct definitions of the growing period: the Suitable Growing Period, defined by the planting window recommended by the Agricultural Zoning for Climate Risk and the average crop cycle of registered cultivars; and the Effective Growing Period, defined spatially and temporally based on the soybean phenological calendar, developed through a study guided by adjustments to solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence curves. Finally, trends in the metrics associated with extreme climate indices and detected events were estimated using the Sen’s slope estimator in combination with Mann-Kendall test. The results indicate an intensification of heat stress across all analyzed crops, while VPD-related stress showed signs of escalation, particularly in the northern portion of the region. Regarding water availability, spatial heterogeneity was observed, with drought conditions worsening toward the continental interior. These climate changes may compromise the stability of regional agricultural productivity unless adaptive crop management strategies are adopted and tailored to the characteristic pattern of climate extremes in each growing area. Keywords: trends ; droughts; heat extremes; soybean cultivation ; wheat; Southern Brazil
The continuous rise in global mean surface temperature has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme heat and drought events, making agricultural production more unstable. The Southern Region of Brazil is no exception to this scenario, as evidenced by the significant impacts on economically important crops at the national level, such as soybean and wheat. Investigating the occurrence and intensification of climate extremes throughout the growing season of these crops is essential for the implementation of adaptive measures in the face of this climate emergency. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the trends of extreme climate indices during the cultivation periods of these crops. Daily climate data from 1961 to 2024 were obtained from the Brazilian Daily Weather Gridded Data, and indices related to temperature extremes and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were applied, along with meteorological drought indices and the Climate Humidity Index. Subsequently, the data were filtered based on two distinct definitions of the growing period: the Suitable Growing Period, defined by the planting window recommended by the Agricultural Zoning for Climate Risk and the average crop cycle of registered cultivars; and the Effective Growing Period, defined spatially and temporally based on the soybean phenological calendar, developed through a study guided by adjustments to solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence curves. Finally, trends in the metrics associated with extreme climate indices and detected events were estimated using the Sen’s slope estimator in combination with Mann-Kendall test. The results indicate an intensification of heat stress across all analyzed crops, while VPD-related stress showed signs of escalation, particularly in the northern portion of the region. Regarding water availability, spatial heterogeneity was observed, with drought conditions worsening toward the continental interior. These climate changes may compromise the stability of regional agricultural productivity unless adaptive crop management strategies are adopted and tailored to the characteristic pattern of climate extremes in each growing area. Keywords: trends ; droughts; heat extremes; soybean cultivation ; wheat; Southern Brazil
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TORMA, Guilherme Nunes. Eventos extremos de calor e seca no período de cultivo da soja e do trigo no Sul do Brasil: uma análise baseada em índices climáticos. 2025. 105 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Meteorologia Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
