Hidrofobicidade celular e biossurfactantes como determinantes da capacidade desemulsificante de isolados bacterianos
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2011-03-31
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A capacidade de culturas microbianas de desestabilizarem emulsões do tipo óleo em água (O/W) ou água em óleo (W/O), promovendo a separação de fases, é frequentemente atribuída a características como hidrofobicidade da superfície celular e a capacidade de produção de compostos com atividade surfactante e ação desemulsificante. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a hipótese de que a capacidade de quebra de emulsões O/W ou W/O de isolados bacterianos está relacionada à hidrofobicidade celular e à produção de biossurfactantes com ação desemulsificante. As bactérias com capacidade desemulsificante foram isoladas a partir de composto de resíduo sólido urbano contaminado com óleo diesel, após enriquecimento em meio mineral contendo parafina líquida como fonte de carbono (MMSM-parafina). O agrupamento gerado com base no perfil de ácidos graxos dos 23 isolados obtidos distinguiu a presença de doze linhagens bacterianas, das quais quatro foram eficientes para quebra de emulsão W/O, sendo a razão de quebra de emulsão maior que 70%. Essas bactérias foram identificadas como Acinetobacter sp. (LBBMA LU3 e LBBMA 7a) e Pseudomonas mendocina (LBBMA LU5b e LBBMA LU7b). Nenhuma delas produziu biossurfactantes ou foi capaz de quebrar emulsão do tipo O/W. Os dados demonstram que a produção de biossurfactantes não é requerida para promover a quebra de emulsões W/O; contudo, indicam que esses compostos podem ser requeridos para a quebra de emulsões do tipo O/W. A capacidade de quebra de emulsão W/O diminuiu com o tempo de crescimento das culturas e foi dependente da presença de células com até 22 horas de cultivo em meio MMSM-parafina, não havendo influência de componentes do sobrenadante. Ao contrário, a atividade desemulsificante de culturas mais velhas e, em especial, a capacidade de separar a fase oleosa contida nas emulsões, foram atribuídas à presença de compostos desemulsificantes sem atividade surfactante. A atividade desemulsificante de Acinetobacter sp. LBBMA LU3 aumentou linearmente com o aumento da temperatura, não sendo afetada por salinidade (até 150 g L-1) ou pelo pH (3-8). Em algumas linhagens, foi observada a existência de uma possível interação entre células sedimentáveis e não-sedimentáveis numa mesma cultura, a qual determina a sua atividade desemulsificante. Na literatura especializada, não se encontra registro desse tipo de interação entre células distintas de uma mesma cultura bacteriana, em relação à sua atividade de quebra de emulsão W/O. Também, o efeito negativo de células não-sedimentáveis de algumas linhagens bacterianas sobre a separação da fase oleosa em emulsão W/O representa conhecimento novo para a área. A integridade das células de Acinetobacter sp. LBBMA LU3 não é necessária para a atividade desemulsificante. A utilização de células de uma mesma linhagem bacteriana com diferentes valores de hidrofobicidade de superfície celular, obtidas durante a desnutrição em meio com carência de nitrogênio, revelou que inexiste uma relação única entre hidrofobicidade celular e capacidade de quebra de emulsão W/O. A hidrofobicidade celular correlaciona-se tanto positiva como negativamente com a capacidade de quebra de emulsão W/O e com a capacidade de separação de querosene contido na emulsão. Conclui-se, portanto, que outras características da superfície celular bacteriana, e não a sua hidrofobicidade, são determinantes para a sua atividade desemulsificante.
In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that the ability to break O/W or W/O emulsions of bacterial isolates depends on cell surface hydrophobicity and the production of biosurfactants with de-emulsification activity. Bacterial isolates possessing emulsion breaking activity were obtained from municipal solid waste compost contaminated with diesel oil, after enrichment in mineral medium with liquid paraffin as sole carbon source. Group analysis based on fatty acid profiles allowed us to distinguish the presence of twelve distinct bacterial strains among the 23 isolates originally obtained during the isolation. Among these, four were shown to be efficient in breaking W/O emulsion (emulsion breaking ratio > 70%). They were identified as Acinetobacter sp. (LBBMA LU3 and LBBMA 7a) and Pseudomonas mendocina (LBBMA LU5b AND LBBMA LU7b). None of the strains produced biosurfactants, nor was able to break O/W emulsion. The data show that biosurfactant production is not required for W/O emulsion breaking; however, they do indicate that these molecules may be important for O/W emulsion breaking. W/O emulsion breaking activity decreased with culture age and was dependent on the presence of cells with up to 22 hours of growth in mineral-paraffin medium, with no influence of components secreted into the culture medium. By contrast, de- emulsification activity of older cultures and, in particular, the ability to separate the oil phase contained in W/O emulsions, were attributed to the presence of de-emulsifier compounds other than microbial surfactants. De-emulsification activity of Acinetobacter sp. LBBMA LU3 increased linearly with the temperature, and was not affected by salinity (up to 150 g L-1) or pH (3-8). It was observed the existence of interaction between pelleted cells and floating cells in the same culture of some strains, which determines the de- emulsification activity of the culture. This is the first report of this type of interaction between different cells of the same bacterial culture, in relation to its W/O emulsion breaking activity. Also, the negative effect of floating cells of some bacterial strains on the separation of the oil phase present in W/O emulsion represents new knowledge to the area. The de-emulsification activity of Acinetobacter sp. LBBMA LU3 was not affected by autoclaving or by freezing/thawing of the cell suspension, which demonstrates that cell integrity is not required for de-emulsification activity. The use of cells of the same bacterial strain with different values of cell surface hydrophobicity, obtained during cultivation in nitrogen-limited medium, revealed that there is not a unique relationship between cell surface hydrophobicity and the ability to break W/O emulsion. Cell surface hydrophobicity correlates both positively and negatively with the W/O emulsion breaking activity and with the ability to separate kerosene present in the emulsion. It is concluded that other bacterial cell surface characteristics, and not its hydrophobicity, are relevant for the de- emulsification activity.
In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that the ability to break O/W or W/O emulsions of bacterial isolates depends on cell surface hydrophobicity and the production of biosurfactants with de-emulsification activity. Bacterial isolates possessing emulsion breaking activity were obtained from municipal solid waste compost contaminated with diesel oil, after enrichment in mineral medium with liquid paraffin as sole carbon source. Group analysis based on fatty acid profiles allowed us to distinguish the presence of twelve distinct bacterial strains among the 23 isolates originally obtained during the isolation. Among these, four were shown to be efficient in breaking W/O emulsion (emulsion breaking ratio > 70%). They were identified as Acinetobacter sp. (LBBMA LU3 and LBBMA 7a) and Pseudomonas mendocina (LBBMA LU5b AND LBBMA LU7b). None of the strains produced biosurfactants, nor was able to break O/W emulsion. The data show that biosurfactant production is not required for W/O emulsion breaking; however, they do indicate that these molecules may be important for O/W emulsion breaking. W/O emulsion breaking activity decreased with culture age and was dependent on the presence of cells with up to 22 hours of growth in mineral-paraffin medium, with no influence of components secreted into the culture medium. By contrast, de- emulsification activity of older cultures and, in particular, the ability to separate the oil phase contained in W/O emulsions, were attributed to the presence of de-emulsifier compounds other than microbial surfactants. De-emulsification activity of Acinetobacter sp. LBBMA LU3 increased linearly with the temperature, and was not affected by salinity (up to 150 g L-1) or pH (3-8). It was observed the existence of interaction between pelleted cells and floating cells in the same culture of some strains, which determines the de- emulsification activity of the culture. This is the first report of this type of interaction between different cells of the same bacterial culture, in relation to its W/O emulsion breaking activity. Also, the negative effect of floating cells of some bacterial strains on the separation of the oil phase present in W/O emulsion represents new knowledge to the area. The de-emulsification activity of Acinetobacter sp. LBBMA LU3 was not affected by autoclaving or by freezing/thawing of the cell suspension, which demonstrates that cell integrity is not required for de-emulsification activity. The use of cells of the same bacterial strain with different values of cell surface hydrophobicity, obtained during cultivation in nitrogen-limited medium, revealed that there is not a unique relationship between cell surface hydrophobicity and the ability to break W/O emulsion. Cell surface hydrophobicity correlates both positively and negatively with the W/O emulsion breaking activity and with the ability to separate kerosene present in the emulsion. It is concluded that other bacterial cell surface characteristics, and not its hydrophobicity, are relevant for the de- emulsification activity.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Petróleo - Microbiologia, Agentes ativos de superfície, Microbiologia agrícola, Bactérias, Emulsão
Citação
FERNANDES, Rita de Cássia Rocha. Hidrofobicidade celular e biossurfactantes como determinantes da capacidade desemulsificante de isolados bacterianos. 2011. 38 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Microbiologia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2011.