Demanda de Nitrogênio e eficiência agroambiental na produção brasileira de cereais
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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As mudanças climáticas vêm se intensificando e, ao mesmo tempo, espera-se que até 2050 a população mundial atinja aproximadamente 10 bilhões de pessoas, aumentando assim a demanda por alimentos, fibras e energia. Para abastecer a população crescente é preciso aumentar a produtividade agrícola. Os cereais são o grupo alimentar de maior consumo e demanda futura. Dentre os nutrientes mais requeridos por este grupo, destaca-se o Nitrogênio, importante para o aumento das taxas de produtividade. O Nitrogênio chega até a cultura por meio da fixação biológica natural ou química, adubados organicamente ou adicionados pelos fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados. No Brasil a produção de cereais utiliza grandes quantidades de fertilizantes sintéticos. Entretanto, doses inadequadas podem levar à perda de eficiência de seu uso e a consequências econômicas e ambientais negativas. O uso excessivo de nitrogênio pode levar a perdas de produção, geração de custos desnecessários e prejuízos. Ademais, elevam-se as emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE), principalmente o Óxido Nitroso (N 2 O). Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os principais fatores que explicam a demanda por fertilizantes nitrogenados sintéticos no Brasil, bem como a eficiência de seu uso na produção de cereais. Além disso, a pesquisa procurou relacionar o uso de fertilizantes com as emissões de N 2 O. A demanda foi estimada pelo método de Mínimos Quadrados em Dois Estágios (MQ2E). Calculou-se a Eficiência de Uso de Nitrogênio (EUN) por meio de um índice agroambiental. As emissões de N 2 O foram estimadas com base no uso de fertilizantes sintéticos aplicados na produção de cereal. Os principais resultados indicam que houve crescimento da produção brasileira de cereais em 56% e consumo de fertilizantes na produção cerealífera em 59% nos últimos 25 anos (1994 a 2018). A demanda de nitrogênio responde positivamente ao preço e produção de cereais e uso passado de fertilizantes. A EUN calculada apresentou valor médio de 53%, indicando uso excessivo de N. As emissões oriundas da fertilização nitrogenada cresceram 3,74% ao ano no período de análise. As taxas crescentes e/ou inadequadas de uso de fertilizantes se traduziram em ineficiência agroambiental, ou seja, em decrescimento da EUN e aumento das emissões de N 2 O. Políticas públicas que garantissem mais assistência técnica agrícola e formas alternativas e racionais de uso de nitrogênio poderiam contribuir para otimizar as doses sintéticas aplicadas na produção, minimizando os efeitos ambientais, sem gerar prejuízos econômicos aos agricultores e climáticos à sociedade como um todo. Palavras-chave: Nitrogênio. Demanda de fertilizante. Eficiência. Emissão de Óxido Nitroso.
Climate change is accelerating, and at the same time, it is expected that by 2050 the world population will have reached approximately 10 billion people, thus leading to increased demand for food, fiber, and energy. Higher crop productivity is necessary to supply the future growing population. Cereals are the food group with the highest consumption and potential demand. Among the nutrients most required by this group, Nitrogen (N) stands out, as it is one of the essential macroelements for cereals and is responsible for increasing their productivity. It is through natural or chemical biological fixation that N reaches the crop, which is fertilized either organically or with the addition of synthetic N fertilizers. In Brazil, cereal production uses large amounts of synthetic fertilizers; however, such abundance can trigger a loss of efficiency in their use, as well as negative economic and environmental consequences. Excessive use of N can lead to waste of production, unnecessary expenses, and financial losses. Furthermore, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially nitrous oxide (N 2 O), are rising. The aim of this study was to analyze not only the demand for synthetic N fertilizers but also the efficiency of their use in cereal production in Brazil. Additionally, the research sought to associate the use of fertilizers to N 2 O emissions. Demand was estimated using the Two-Stage Least Squares method (2SLS). Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) was calculated by using an agri-environmental indicator. N 2 O emissions were determined based on the use of synthetic fertilizers applied to cereal production. The main results indicate a 56% increase in the cereal production and 59% fertilizer consumption in cereal production in Brazil in the last 25 years (1994 to 2018). The demand for synthetic fertilizers in Brazil responds positively to the price and production of cereals and previous use of fertilizers. The calculated NUE presented a 53% average, which reveals excessive use of N. Emissions from N fertilization grew by 3.74% per year in the period analyzed. The rising and inadequate rates of fertilizer use have resulted in low agro- environmental efficiency, i. e., a reduction in NUE and increased N 2 O emissions. Public policies that would guarantee more agricultural technical assistance, in addition to alternative and rational forms of N use could contribute to optimizing the synthetic rates applied in production, minimizing the environmental effects, with no financial losses to farmers or harm to the climate or to the society as a whole. Keywords: Nitrogen. Fertilizer demand. Efficiency. Nitrous Oxide Emissions.
Climate change is accelerating, and at the same time, it is expected that by 2050 the world population will have reached approximately 10 billion people, thus leading to increased demand for food, fiber, and energy. Higher crop productivity is necessary to supply the future growing population. Cereals are the food group with the highest consumption and potential demand. Among the nutrients most required by this group, Nitrogen (N) stands out, as it is one of the essential macroelements for cereals and is responsible for increasing their productivity. It is through natural or chemical biological fixation that N reaches the crop, which is fertilized either organically or with the addition of synthetic N fertilizers. In Brazil, cereal production uses large amounts of synthetic fertilizers; however, such abundance can trigger a loss of efficiency in their use, as well as negative economic and environmental consequences. Excessive use of N can lead to waste of production, unnecessary expenses, and financial losses. Furthermore, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially nitrous oxide (N 2 O), are rising. The aim of this study was to analyze not only the demand for synthetic N fertilizers but also the efficiency of their use in cereal production in Brazil. Additionally, the research sought to associate the use of fertilizers to N 2 O emissions. Demand was estimated using the Two-Stage Least Squares method (2SLS). Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) was calculated by using an agri-environmental indicator. N 2 O emissions were determined based on the use of synthetic fertilizers applied to cereal production. The main results indicate a 56% increase in the cereal production and 59% fertilizer consumption in cereal production in Brazil in the last 25 years (1994 to 2018). The demand for synthetic fertilizers in Brazil responds positively to the price and production of cereals and previous use of fertilizers. The calculated NUE presented a 53% average, which reveals excessive use of N. Emissions from N fertilization grew by 3.74% per year in the period analyzed. The rising and inadequate rates of fertilizer use have resulted in low agro- environmental efficiency, i. e., a reduction in NUE and increased N 2 O emissions. Public policies that would guarantee more agricultural technical assistance, in addition to alternative and rational forms of N use could contribute to optimizing the synthetic rates applied in production, minimizing the environmental effects, with no financial losses to farmers or harm to the climate or to the society as a whole. Keywords: Nitrogen. Fertilizer demand. Efficiency. Nitrous Oxide Emissions.
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SANTOS, Elizângela Aparecida dos. Demanda de Nitrogênio e eficiência agroambiental na produção brasileira de cereais. 2020. 84 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Economia Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.
