“Resistir e construir história”: etnoindicadores e indicadores de avaliação dos impactos do rompimento da barragem do Fundão em agroecossistemas na bacia do rio Doce
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Na bacia do rio Doce, o rompimento da barragem de Fundão, de responsabilidade da Samarco/Vale/BHP Billiton, foi considerado um dos maiores desastres ecológicos da história no mundo, em termos de magnitude e abrangência socioambiental. Para mitigar os problemas causados pelo rompimento, cientistas e técnicos de diversas instituições têm realizado vários estudos e proposto diversas ações. Entretanto, o conhecimento das pessoas atingidas sobre o problema não é considerado na busca de soluções e elas continuam inseguras sobre o consumo de alimentos produzidos em seus agroecossistemas, localizados nas várzeas impactadas. A compreensão e a busca de soluções para problemas ambientais requerem também o olhar e conhecimento dos sujeitos que convivem com eles. Os etnoindicadores do ambiente, elaborados a partir do conhecimento destes sujeitos, são sensíveis para avaliar as mudanças ambientais e quando integrados aos conhecimentos acadêmicos permitem avaliações e compreensões úteis para a tomada de decisões estratégicas de mitigação de problemas ambientais, tais como os provocados pelo rompimento de barragens de rejeito. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi avaliar coletivamente o risco ambiental nos agroecossistemas atingidos pelo rejeito decorrente do rompimento da barragem de Fundão e instrumentalizar as famílias para que elas mesmas pudessem tomar decisões sobre o consumo de alimentos cultivados em agroecossistemas impactados. Para tanto, valeu-se da abordagem teórico metodológica da pesquisa-ação e utilizou-se de métodos oriundos das ciências ambientais e sociais. Entrevistas semiestruturadas e caminhadas transversais permitiram identificar trinta e dois etnoindicadores de alterações ambientais. O solo apresentou o maior número de etnoindicadores associados e o etnoindicador diversidade de peixes a maior frequência. A produtividade, o desenvolvimento das plantas e a diversidade de peixes foram considerados os indicadores mais sensíveis de avaliação dos impactos, pois integram outros indicadores associados ao solo e à água e estão vinculados à sobrevivência das pessoas em seus territórios. Os etnoindicadores devem ser considerados na tomada de decisão sobre o consumo de alimentos e as medidas mitigadoras em territórios impactados pelo rejeito de barragens ou outros desastres ambientais. Entretanto, eles podem e devem ser complementados com outros indicadores. Para isto o conteúdo de elementos potencialmente tóxicos em solo e plantas foi avaliado. As análises de laboratório permitiram comprovar a presença de arsênio, bário, cobalto, cromo, cobre, níquel, chumbo, vanádio, zinco, em solos e de bário, cobre, níquel e zinco em raízes de mandioca, tanto nas áreas impactadas como nas áreas não impactadas pelo rejeito. Embora os teores encontrados não tenham superado o valor máximo permitido pelas leis brasileiras, os valores de referência mostram-se limitados para avaliar o risco à saúde humana e a qualidade dos solos em áreas contaminadas. Além disso, mesmo com baixos teores, a presença de elementos potencialmente tóxicos nos solos impactados pode ser problemática por causa do baixo teor de matéria orgânica, à maior proporção de silte, à falta de estrutura e organismos destes solos. Devido a perda de qualidade física, química e biológica, no solo com rejeito menos (teores de elementos) pode ser mais (tóxico), enquanto no solo não impactado mais (teores de elementos) pode ser menos (tóxico). Os indicadores químicos avaliados e os etnoindicadores identificados foram colocados em diálogo por meio de cinco intercâmbios agroecológicos. Os intercâmbios, articulados com um processo de ATER (assessoria técnica e extensão rural) agroecológica, contribuíram com o processo de pesquisa-ação na medida que permitiram a construção de conhecimento útil para as pessoas atingidas tomarem decisões sobre o manejo dos seus solos, sobre sua alimentação e sobre sua permanência no território. A indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão promovida pelos intercâmbios permitiu a realização de uma pesquisa contextualizada, a superação das limitações dos prazos de execução de projetos institucionais e a elaboração de novas questões de pesquisa, gerando um novo ciclo de ação reflexão. O conhecimento dos agroecossistemas, aprimorado com o tempo, permite que as famílias das comunidades atingidas pelo desastre de Fundão identifiquem com precisão as mudanças ambientais ocorridas com o desastre. Desconsiderar esse conhecimento e analisar a problemática ambiental utilizando apenas os conhecimentos técnicos e acadêmicos leva à implementação de medidas não efetivas que podem, em algumas situações, piorar a qualidade dos ambientes impactados, em geral, e dos solos de forma particular, e que prejudicam novamente às vítimas. Houve perda de qualidade dos solos impactados e sua recuperação deve ser promovida e monitorada continuamente, utilizando o arcabouço metodológico da pesquisa-ação e indicadores químicos, físicos, biológicos e etnoindicadores. Com os diálogos promovidos durante os intercâmbios, as pessoas atingidas ficaram mais à vontade para decidir se podem ou não se alimentar dos produtos cultivados nos solos impactados. Palavras-chave: Conhecimento ecológico tradicional. Extensão universitária. Metais pesados. Metodologias participativas. Qualidade do solo.
In the Doce River basin, the collapse of the Fundão dam, owned by Samarco/Vale/BHP Billiton, was considered one of the biggest ecological disasters in the world in terms of magnitude and socio-environmental scope. In order to mitigate the problems caused by the collapse, scientists and technicians from various institutions have carried out several studies and proposed various actions. However, the valuable knowledge of the problem by the affected people is not considered in the search for solutions and the people remain uncertain about the consumption of food produced in their agro-ecosystems, located in the impacted floodplains. Understanding and finding solutions to environmental problems requires the views and knowledge of the people who face them. Environmental ethno-indicators, based on knowledge of the people, are sensitive for evaluating environmental changes and when integrated with scientific knowledge, they allow useful assessments and understandings for making strategic decisions to mitigate environmental problems, such as those caused by the disruption of tailing dams. The overall aim of this research was to collectively assess the environmental risk in the agro-ecosystems affected by the tailings from the Fundão dam collapse and to instrumentalize the families with the information to take decisions about the consumption of food cultivated in the affected agro- ecosystems. The theoretical-methodological approach of action research was employed, using methodologies from the environmental and social sciences. Semi-structured interviews and cross-country walks enabled the identification of thirty-two ethno-indicators of environmental change. Soil had the highest number of associated ethno-indicators and the fish diversity ethno- indicator had the highest frequency. Productivity, plant development and fish diversity were considered the most sensitive indicators for assessing impacts, as they integrate other indicators associated with soil and water and are linked to the people's survival in their territories. Ethno- indicators should be taken into account when making decisions about food consumption and mitigation measures in areas affected by dam tailings or other environmental disasters. However, they can and should be complemented with other indicators. For this, the content of potentially toxic elements in soil and plants was evaluated. Laboratory analysis revealed the presence of arsenic, barium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, vanadium and zinc in soils and barium, copper, nickel and zinc in cassava roots, both in the areas impacted and not impacted by the tailings. Although the levels found did not exceed the limit value above which there is a risk to human health according to Brazilian legislation, the quality reference values in the legislation on contaminated areas are limited for the assessment of the quality of the soils impacted by the tailings. Furthermore, even at low levels, the presence of potentially toxic elements in impacted soils can be problematic due to the low organic matter content, the higher proportion of silt, and the lack of structure and organisms in these soils. Due to the loss of physical, chemical and biological quality in soil with tailings less (element contents) can be more (toxic), while in non-impacted soil more (element contents) can be less (toxic). The chemical indicators evaluated and the ethno-indicators identified were integrated through five agro-ecological exchange meetings, called intercâmbios that use specific methodology. These intercâmbios, which were articulated with a process of agroecological technical assistance and rural extension, contributed to the process of action research insofar as they allowed the construction of useful knowledge for the people affected to make decisions about the management of their soils, their food, and their permanence in the territory. The inseparability between teaching, research, and extension promoted by the intercâmbios enabled conducting contextualized research, to overcome the limitations of institutional time and new research questions to be formulated, thereby initiating a new cycle of action and reflection. The knowledge of agro-ecosystems, which has improved over time, allows the families of the communities affected by the Fundão disaster to accurately identify the environmental changes that occurred after the arrival of the tailings. Disregarding this knowledge and analyzing the environmental problem using only technical and academic knowledge leads to the implementation of ineffective measures which can, in some situations, worsen the quality of the impacted environments in general and the soils in particular, and which again harm the victims. There was a loss of quality of the impacted soils and its recovery should be promoted and monitored continuously, using the methodological framework of action research and chemical, physical, biological and ethno-indicators. With the dialogues promoted during the intercâmbios, the affected people were more comfortable in deciding whether or not they can eat the products grown in the impacted soils. Keywords: Heavy metals. Participatory methodologies. Soil quality. Traditional ecological knowledge. University extension.
In the Doce River basin, the collapse of the Fundão dam, owned by Samarco/Vale/BHP Billiton, was considered one of the biggest ecological disasters in the world in terms of magnitude and socio-environmental scope. In order to mitigate the problems caused by the collapse, scientists and technicians from various institutions have carried out several studies and proposed various actions. However, the valuable knowledge of the problem by the affected people is not considered in the search for solutions and the people remain uncertain about the consumption of food produced in their agro-ecosystems, located in the impacted floodplains. Understanding and finding solutions to environmental problems requires the views and knowledge of the people who face them. Environmental ethno-indicators, based on knowledge of the people, are sensitive for evaluating environmental changes and when integrated with scientific knowledge, they allow useful assessments and understandings for making strategic decisions to mitigate environmental problems, such as those caused by the disruption of tailing dams. The overall aim of this research was to collectively assess the environmental risk in the agro-ecosystems affected by the tailings from the Fundão dam collapse and to instrumentalize the families with the information to take decisions about the consumption of food cultivated in the affected agro- ecosystems. The theoretical-methodological approach of action research was employed, using methodologies from the environmental and social sciences. Semi-structured interviews and cross-country walks enabled the identification of thirty-two ethno-indicators of environmental change. Soil had the highest number of associated ethno-indicators and the fish diversity ethno- indicator had the highest frequency. Productivity, plant development and fish diversity were considered the most sensitive indicators for assessing impacts, as they integrate other indicators associated with soil and water and are linked to the people's survival in their territories. Ethno- indicators should be taken into account when making decisions about food consumption and mitigation measures in areas affected by dam tailings or other environmental disasters. However, they can and should be complemented with other indicators. For this, the content of potentially toxic elements in soil and plants was evaluated. Laboratory analysis revealed the presence of arsenic, barium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, vanadium and zinc in soils and barium, copper, nickel and zinc in cassava roots, both in the areas impacted and not impacted by the tailings. Although the levels found did not exceed the limit value above which there is a risk to human health according to Brazilian legislation, the quality reference values in the legislation on contaminated areas are limited for the assessment of the quality of the soils impacted by the tailings. Furthermore, even at low levels, the presence of potentially toxic elements in impacted soils can be problematic due to the low organic matter content, the higher proportion of silt, and the lack of structure and organisms in these soils. Due to the loss of physical, chemical and biological quality in soil with tailings less (element contents) can be more (toxic), while in non-impacted soil more (element contents) can be less (toxic). The chemical indicators evaluated and the ethno-indicators identified were integrated through five agro-ecological exchange meetings, called intercâmbios that use specific methodology. These intercâmbios, which were articulated with a process of agroecological technical assistance and rural extension, contributed to the process of action research insofar as they allowed the construction of useful knowledge for the people affected to make decisions about the management of their soils, their food, and their permanence in the territory. The inseparability between teaching, research, and extension promoted by the intercâmbios enabled conducting contextualized research, to overcome the limitations of institutional time and new research questions to be formulated, thereby initiating a new cycle of action and reflection. The knowledge of agro-ecosystems, which has improved over time, allows the families of the communities affected by the Fundão disaster to accurately identify the environmental changes that occurred after the arrival of the tailings. Disregarding this knowledge and analyzing the environmental problem using only technical and academic knowledge leads to the implementation of ineffective measures which can, in some situations, worsen the quality of the impacted environments in general and the soils in particular, and which again harm the victims. There was a loss of quality of the impacted soils and its recovery should be promoted and monitored continuously, using the methodological framework of action research and chemical, physical, biological and ethno-indicators. With the dialogues promoted during the intercâmbios, the affected people were more comfortable in deciding whether or not they can eat the products grown in the impacted soils. Keywords: Heavy metals. Participatory methodologies. Soil quality. Traditional ecological knowledge. University extension.
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Citation
CARDONA CASAS, Nancy Aidé. “Resistir e construir história”: etnoindicadores e indicadores de avaliação dos impactos do rompimento da barragem do Fundão em agroecossistemas na bacia do rio Doce. 2024. 146 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
