Efeitos de macronutrientes na produção, composição química e qualidade da bebida de grãos de Coffea arabica L.
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2024-05-29
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A nutrição mineral é essencial para o crescimento vegetativo e produção de grãos de alta qualidade em cafeeiros, sendo que desequilíbrios nutricionais afetam diretamente a qualidade do café. Tanto deficiências quanto excessos de nutrientes podem comprometer a produtividade e a qualidade do grão. No entanto, são escassas as pesquisas sobre o impacto dos nutrientes P, Ca, Mg e S na cultura do café. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação com variedades de café (Oeiras, Paraíso, Aranãs e Catuaí) para investigar a relação entre a nutrição mineral desses nutrientes, a composição química, a qualidade da bebida e a produção de grãos (Coffea arabica L.). No experimento 1, avaliou-se a restrição de Ca e Mg, e no experimento 2, a restrição de P e S. Foram medidos parâmetros como concentração de nutrientes nas folhas, produção por planta, atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO), potássio lixiviado (Klix), condutividade elétrica (CE), acidez total titulável (ATT), pH, índice de coloração (IC), açúcares solúveis totais (AST), redutores (AR), não redutores (ANR), fenóis totais, lipídios totais e frações lipídicas, além de avaliação sensorial. Os resultados mostraram que as variedades responderam de maneira diferente à disponibilidade de Ca e Mg. A Aranãs destacou-se como a mais produtiva, com redução na produção de grãos e na concentração de Ca e Mg nas folhas nos tratamentos sob restrição desses nutrientes. A restrição de Ca aumentou CE e Klix e reduziu a atividade da PPO. Já a restrição de Mg reduziu AST, ANR, lipídios totais e triacilgliceróis, e aumentou a atividade da PPO. No caso das restrições de P e S, não houve alterações significativas na produção por planta, com uma pequena redução na concentração foliar desses nutrientes (em média 14,7% para P e 9,6% para S). A restrição de P reduziu ANR, AST, lipídios totais e triacilgliceróis, enquanto os pequenos níveis de restrição de S não resultaram em alterações químicas relevantes. A atividade da PPO variou entre as variedades, dificultando generalizações. No entanto, os escores sensoriais foram bons, sem relação direta com a composição química. No tratamento com deficiência de P e S, verificou-se uma tendência para cafés com maiores valores de CE e Klix, além de menores índices de coloração, açúcares e notas sensoriais. A Paraíso se destacou nos tratamentos com restrição de P e S, apresentando notas sensoriais superiores e altos níveis de ANR, sugerindo uma resposta positiva ao estresse nutricional devido à sua genética. No experimento 2, a Oeiras obteve a maior pontuação sensorial no tratamento completo, embora tenha sido superada por outras variedades sob restrição de P e S. Oeiras e Aranãs, sob restrição de Ca, e Aranãs, sob restrição de Mg, apresentaram os maiores escores sensoriais, indicando que cada variedade responde de forma única às condições nutricionais. Esses resultados sugerem que a seleção cuidadosa de variedades, combinada com práticas nutricionais adequadas, pode otimizar a experiência sensorial do café. O efeito dos componentes químicos no sabor da bebida depende do equilíbrio entre as quantidades e proporções desses compostos, variando conforme a situação e as condições nutricionais impostas. Palavras-chave: Absorção de nutrientes; Características químicas; Macronutrientes; Nutrição vegetal.
Mineral nutrition is essential for vegetative growth and production of high-quality coffee beans, and nutritional imbalances directly affect coffee quality. Both nutrient deficiencies and excesses can compromise productivity and bean quality. However, there is little research on the impact of the nutrients P, Ca, Mg and S on coffee crops. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with coffee varieties (Oeiras, Paraíso, Aranãs and Catuaí) to investigate the relationship between the mineral nutrition of these nutrients, chemical composition, beverage quality and bean production (Coffea arabica L.). In experiment 1, Ca and Mg restriction was evaluated, and in experiment 2, P and S restriction. Parameters such as nutrient concentration in leaves, production per plant, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, leached potassium (Klix), electrical conductivity (EC), total titratable acidity (TTA), pH, color index (CI), total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), non-reducing sugars (ANR), total phenols, total lipids and lipid fractions, in addition to sensory evaluation, were measured. The results showed that the varieties responded differently to Ca and Mg availability. Aranãs stood out as the most productive, with reduced grain production and Ca and Mg concentration in leaves in treatments under restriction of these nutrients. Ca restriction increased EC and Klix and reduced PPO activity. Mg restriction reduced AST, ANR, total lipids and triacylglycerols and increased PPO activity. In the case of P and S restrictions, there were no significant changes in production per plant, with a small reduction in the foliar concentration of these nutrients (on average 14.7% for P and 9.6% for S). P restriction reduced ANR, AST, total lipids and triacylglycerols, while low levels of S restriction did not result in relevant chemical changes. PPO activity varied among varieties, making generalizations difficult. However, sensory scores were good, with no direct relationship to chemical composition. In the treatment with P and S deficiency, there was a tendency for coffees with higher CE and Klix values, in addition to lower color, sugar and sensory scores. The Paraíso variety stood out in the treatments with P and S restriction, presenting higher sensory scores and high levels of ANR, suggesting a positive response to nutritional stress due to its genetics. In experiment 2, Oeiras obtained the highest sensory score in the complete treatment, although it was surpassed by other varieties under P and S restriction. Oeiras and Aranãs, under Ca restriction, and Aranãs, under Mg restriction, presented the highest sensory scores, indicating that each variety responds uniquely to nutritional conditions. These results suggest that careful selection of varieties, combined with appropriate nutritional practices, can optimize the sensory experience of coffee. The effect of chemical components on the flavor of the beverage depends on the balance between the quantities and proportions of these compounds, varying according to the situation and the imposed nutritional conditions. Keywords: nutrition. Nutrient absorption; Chemical characteristics; Macronutrients; Plant.
Mineral nutrition is essential for vegetative growth and production of high-quality coffee beans, and nutritional imbalances directly affect coffee quality. Both nutrient deficiencies and excesses can compromise productivity and bean quality. However, there is little research on the impact of the nutrients P, Ca, Mg and S on coffee crops. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with coffee varieties (Oeiras, Paraíso, Aranãs and Catuaí) to investigate the relationship between the mineral nutrition of these nutrients, chemical composition, beverage quality and bean production (Coffea arabica L.). In experiment 1, Ca and Mg restriction was evaluated, and in experiment 2, P and S restriction. Parameters such as nutrient concentration in leaves, production per plant, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, leached potassium (Klix), electrical conductivity (EC), total titratable acidity (TTA), pH, color index (CI), total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), non-reducing sugars (ANR), total phenols, total lipids and lipid fractions, in addition to sensory evaluation, were measured. The results showed that the varieties responded differently to Ca and Mg availability. Aranãs stood out as the most productive, with reduced grain production and Ca and Mg concentration in leaves in treatments under restriction of these nutrients. Ca restriction increased EC and Klix and reduced PPO activity. Mg restriction reduced AST, ANR, total lipids and triacylglycerols and increased PPO activity. In the case of P and S restrictions, there were no significant changes in production per plant, with a small reduction in the foliar concentration of these nutrients (on average 14.7% for P and 9.6% for S). P restriction reduced ANR, AST, total lipids and triacylglycerols, while low levels of S restriction did not result in relevant chemical changes. PPO activity varied among varieties, making generalizations difficult. However, sensory scores were good, with no direct relationship to chemical composition. In the treatment with P and S deficiency, there was a tendency for coffees with higher CE and Klix values, in addition to lower color, sugar and sensory scores. The Paraíso variety stood out in the treatments with P and S restriction, presenting higher sensory scores and high levels of ANR, suggesting a positive response to nutritional stress due to its genetics. In experiment 2, Oeiras obtained the highest sensory score in the complete treatment, although it was surpassed by other varieties under P and S restriction. Oeiras and Aranãs, under Ca restriction, and Aranãs, under Mg restriction, presented the highest sensory scores, indicating that each variety responds uniquely to nutritional conditions. These results suggest that careful selection of varieties, combined with appropriate nutritional practices, can optimize the sensory experience of coffee. The effect of chemical components on the flavor of the beverage depends on the balance between the quantities and proportions of these compounds, varying according to the situation and the imposed nutritional conditions. Keywords: nutrition. Nutrient absorption; Chemical characteristics; Macronutrients; Plant.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Café - Nutrição, Nutrição mineral, Café - Crescimento, Grãos - Qualidade, Absorção, Nutrientes, Café - Composição
Citação
ROCHA, Brunno Cesar Pereira. Efeitos de macronutrientes na produção, composição química e qualidade da bebida de grãos de Coffea arabica L.. 2024. 156 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.