Nutrição e fertilização de orquídeas in vitro e em vaso
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2014-04-24
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A nutrição das orquídeas é um dos principais fatores que influenciam a propagação e produção dessas plantas durante as fases de cultivo in vitro e ex vitro. Assim, para o presente estudo foram realizados dois trabalhos contemplando tal tema. O primeiro teve como objetivo desenvolver e acrescentar uma terceira fase ao método Requerimento- Suprimento (método ReSu) de elaboração de composição nutricional de meios de cultura, a qual, ao utilizar-se de matrizes experimentais com reduzido número de tratamentos, permite o estudo do efeito da concentração de cada nutriente e de suas interações sobre a germinação de sementes e o crescimento de plântulas de orquídeas, permitindo, assim, a otimização da composição nutricional de dois novos meios de cultura, um para o semeio e outro para o recultivo in vitro de Cattleya perrinii Lindl. Este método passou a ser denominado de Requerimento-Suprimento-Otimização (método ReSuOti). No segundo trabalho, o objetivo foi realizar um estudo sobre a nutrição de orquídeas do gêneros Phalaenopsis, Cattleya e Dendrobium e desenvolver um modelo de recomendação de fertilização de orquídeas fundamentado no balanço nutricional entre requerimento e suprimento e que, ao determinar o fertilizante e a sua dose, considere as variáveis genótipo, tipo de substrato utilizado, manejo da irrigação, fase do cultivo, nível tecnológico do sistema de produção e produtividade esperada. No primeiro trabalho, foram montados três experimentos para a fase de semeio e três para a de recultivo in vitro, sendo um experimento para estudar a interação N × P × S, outro para a intração K × Ca × Mg, nesses dois experimentos utilizou-se a matriz experimental Box Berard aumentada (3) modificada, e um terceiro para avaliar, isoladamente, os efeitos das concentrações de Fe, Zn e Mn. Teve-se como conclusão do primeiro trabalho que a utilização da terceira fase do método ReSuOti permitiu, com a utilização de um número reduzido de tratamentos, o estudo do efeito da concentração de cada nutriente e de suas interações sobre a germinação de sementes e o crescimento de plântulas de orquídeas, e possibilitou a otimização da composição nutricional de dois novos meios de cultura, um para o semeio e outro para o recultivo in vitro de C. perrinii. A composição nutricional otimizada no meio de cultura para a fase de semeio foi 539 (N); 323 (P); 30 (S); 935 (K); 140 (Ca); 40 (Mg); 9,4 (Fe); 1,3 (Zn) e 5,1 (Mn) mg L-1, o qual fora denominado de meio Suprimento-Orquídea-Fase Semeio (meio SuOS). No meio de cultura para a fase de recultivo a composição nutricional otimizada foi 455 (N); 206 (P); 214 (S); 655 (K); 39 (Ca); 12 (Mg); 3 (Fe); 2,3 (Zn) e 3,7 (Mn) mg L-1, este meio foi denominado de meio Suprimento-Orquídea-Fase Recultivo (meio SuOR). No segundo trabalho, baseado no balanço nutricional entre requerimento e suprimento e utilizando a modelagem como ferramenta, desenvolveu-se a primeira versão de um modelo de recomendação de fertilização de orquídea, denominado Ferticalc-Orquídea, que possibilita recomendar as doses dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B e Mo em função do grupo da orquídea cultivada, da fase do cultivo dessas plantas, do volume e do tipo de substrato utilizado, da produtividade esperada, do manejo da irrigação, da existência ou não do controle de temperatura na casa de vegetação e do objetivo com a cultura (produção de orquídea em vaso ou de flor para corte). Os grupos de orquídeas contemplados nesta primeira versão foram: grupo falenópsis (G1); grupo dendróbio nobile (G2); grupo denfal (G3); grupo catleia monofoliada (G4); grupo catleia bifoliada (G5) e grupo catleias pequenas (G6).
The mineral nutrition of orchids is one of the main factors that influence the propagation and production of these plants during the in vitro and ex vitro growing phases. Thus, for this paper, we carried out two studies on this theme. The aim of the first was to analyze the nutrition of orchids of the genera Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, and Dendrobium and develop a model for recommendation of orchid fertilization based on the nutritional balance between requirement and supply, and which, upon determining the fertilizer and application rate, considers the variables of genotype, type of substrate used, irrigation management, growth phase, technological level of the production system, and expected yield. The aim of the second study was to develop and add a third phase to the Requirement-Supply method (ReSu method) of preparation of the nutritional composition of growth media which, upon using experimental matrices with a smaller number of treatments, allows the effect of the concentration of each nutrient and of nutrient interactions on seed germination and orchid seedling growth to be studied. This, in turn, allows optimization of the nutritional composition of two new growth media, one for seeding and the other for regrowth in vitro propagation of Cattleya perrinii Lindl. This method came to be called the Requirement-Supply-Optimization method (ReSuOpt method). In this second study, three experiments were set up for the seeding phase and three for regrowth in vitro, with one experiment for studying the N × P × S interaction, and another for the K × Ca × Mg interaction – in these two experiments, the modified Box Berard increased 3 experimental matrix was used – and a third experiment to separately evaluate the effects of the Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations. In the first study, based on the nutritional balance between requirement and supply and using modeling as a tool, the first version of a fertilizer recommendation model for orchid was developed, called the Ferticalc-Orquídea, which allows recommendation of application rates of the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, and Mo as a function of the orchid group grown, the growth phase of these plants, the volume and the type of substrate used, the expected yield, the irrigation management, the existence or lack of temperature control in the greenhouse, and the purpose of the plants (for orchid production in pots or flowers for cutting). The orchid groups considered in this first version were the phalaenopsis group (G1), nobile dendrobium group (G2), denphal group (G3), unifoliate cattleya group (G4), bifoliate cattleya group (G5), and small cattleya group (G6). The conclusion of the second study was that the use of the third phase of the ReSuOpt method, employing a reduced number of treatments, allowed evaluation of the effect of the concentration of each nutrient and of their interactions on seed germination and the growth of orchid seedlings, and allowed optimization of the nutritional composition of two new growth media, one for seeding and the other for regrowth in vitro of C. perrinii. The optimized nutritional composition in the growth medium for the seeding phase was 539 (N), 323 (P), 30 (S), 935 (K), 140 (Ca), 40 (Mg), 9.4 (Fe), 1.3 (Zn), and 5.1 (Mn) mg L-1, which had been called the Orchid-Seeding Phase-Supply medium (OSSu medium). In the growth medium for the regrowth phase, the optimized nutritional composition was 455 (N), 206 (P), 214 (S), 655 (K), 39 (Ca), 12 (Mg), 3 (Fe), 2.3 (Zn), and 3.7 (Mn) mg L-1, and this medium was called the Orchid- Regrowth Phase-Supply medium (ORSu medium).
The mineral nutrition of orchids is one of the main factors that influence the propagation and production of these plants during the in vitro and ex vitro growing phases. Thus, for this paper, we carried out two studies on this theme. The aim of the first was to analyze the nutrition of orchids of the genera Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, and Dendrobium and develop a model for recommendation of orchid fertilization based on the nutritional balance between requirement and supply, and which, upon determining the fertilizer and application rate, considers the variables of genotype, type of substrate used, irrigation management, growth phase, technological level of the production system, and expected yield. The aim of the second study was to develop and add a third phase to the Requirement-Supply method (ReSu method) of preparation of the nutritional composition of growth media which, upon using experimental matrices with a smaller number of treatments, allows the effect of the concentration of each nutrient and of nutrient interactions on seed germination and orchid seedling growth to be studied. This, in turn, allows optimization of the nutritional composition of two new growth media, one for seeding and the other for regrowth in vitro propagation of Cattleya perrinii Lindl. This method came to be called the Requirement-Supply-Optimization method (ReSuOpt method). In this second study, three experiments were set up for the seeding phase and three for regrowth in vitro, with one experiment for studying the N × P × S interaction, and another for the K × Ca × Mg interaction – in these two experiments, the modified Box Berard increased 3 experimental matrix was used – and a third experiment to separately evaluate the effects of the Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations. In the first study, based on the nutritional balance between requirement and supply and using modeling as a tool, the first version of a fertilizer recommendation model for orchid was developed, called the Ferticalc-Orquídea, which allows recommendation of application rates of the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, and Mo as a function of the orchid group grown, the growth phase of these plants, the volume and the type of substrate used, the expected yield, the irrigation management, the existence or lack of temperature control in the greenhouse, and the purpose of the plants (for orchid production in pots or flowers for cutting). The orchid groups considered in this first version were the phalaenopsis group (G1), nobile dendrobium group (G2), denphal group (G3), unifoliate cattleya group (G4), bifoliate cattleya group (G5), and small cattleya group (G6). The conclusion of the second study was that the use of the third phase of the ReSuOpt method, employing a reduced number of treatments, allowed evaluation of the effect of the concentration of each nutrient and of their interactions on seed germination and the growth of orchid seedlings, and allowed optimization of the nutritional composition of two new growth media, one for seeding and the other for regrowth in vitro of C. perrinii. The optimized nutritional composition in the growth medium for the seeding phase was 539 (N), 323 (P), 30 (S), 935 (K), 140 (Ca), 40 (Mg), 9.4 (Fe), 1.3 (Zn), and 5.1 (Mn) mg L-1, which had been called the Orchid-Seeding Phase-Supply medium (OSSu medium). In the growth medium for the regrowth phase, the optimized nutritional composition was 455 (N), 206 (P), 214 (S), 655 (K), 39 (Ca), 12 (Mg), 3 (Fe), 2.3 (Zn), and 3.7 (Mn) mg L-1, and this medium was called the Orchid- Regrowth Phase-Supply medium (ORSu medium).
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Orquídea, Orquídea - Cultivo, Plantas - Nutrição, Fertilização das plantas
Citação
SANTOS, André Ferreira. Nutrição e fertilização de orquídeas in vitro e em vaso. 2014. 125 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2014.