Padrões socioeconômicos e a relação com a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos das áreas verdes urbanas
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A urbanização acelerada no Brasil gerou diversos problemas ambientais e sociais, afetando a qualidade de vida nas cidades, especialmente devido à diminuição do contato com a natureza. As áreas verdes urbanas oferecem serviços ecossistêmicos fundamentais para mitigar esses impactos. Contudo, a distribuição desigual dessas áreas nas cidades, frequentemente relacionada a fatores socioeconômicos, levanta questões de justiça ambiental. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar os serviços ecossistêmicos ofertados por diferentes tipologias de áreas verdes em Belo Horizonte, considerando as desigualdades socioeconômicas regionais e a percepção da população. Para isso, a dissertação está estruturada em três capítulos. O primeiro analisa os serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação e suporte em diferentes tipologias de áreas verdes, considerando variações socioeconômicas regionais, por meio da análise da paisagem. O segundo capítulo investiga os serviços ecossistêmicos culturais oferecidos por essas áreas, relacionando-os aos padrões socioeconômicos das regionais de Belo Horizonte. Já o terceiro capítulo examina a percepção da população sobre os serviços e desserviços ecossistêmicos, explorando comportamentos, preferências de uso e disposição a pagar pela conservação desses espaços. Para os dois primeiros capítulos, a pesquisa abrangeu nove áreas verdes de Belo Horizonte, distribuídas em três regionais – Centro-Sul, Pampulha e Barreiro –, selecionadas com base no IDHM, e três tipologias distintas: parques abertos, parques fechados e praças. Os resultados revelaram que a tipologia das áreas verdes exerce maior influência na oferta e na percepção dos serviços ecossistêmicos do que os padrões socioeconômicos das regionais. Os achados indicaram que as desigualdades socioeconômicas não influenciam significativamente a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação, suporte e culturais em Belo Horizonte. Por outro lado, a tipologia das áreas verdes mostrou-se determinante. Parques fechados, com maior extensão de floresta densa, destacaram-se na oferta de serviços de regulação e suporte, enquanto praças e parques abertos apresentaram menor capacidade. A análise dos serviços culturais revelou que, embora houvesse pequenas diferenças entre as regionais, a tipologia teve maior impacto na percepção e no uso desses serviços. Quanto à percepção dos serviços e desserviços, analisadas no capítulo três, houve concordância entre os entrevistados de que as áreas verdes fornecem serviços, sendo a melhoria da qualidade de vida e das condições climáticas os mais mencionados. Já a insegurança e as atividades ilícitas foram os desserviços mais citados. A avaliação das áreas verdes foi mais positiva nas regionais menos favorecidas, como o Barreiro, mas a disposição a pagar pela conservação foi similar entre todas as regionais. Parques fechados apresentaram melhor avaliação em relação à manutenção e menor percepção de desserviços, o que resultou em uma maior disposição a pagar pela conservação desses espaços. A pesquisa mostrou que, embora os moradores residam próximos a essas áreas a frequência de uso é esporádica. Conclui-se que as áreas verdes de Belo Horizonte desempenham um papel essencial na oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos e contribuem significativamente para a justiça ambiental, especialmente em regiões menos favorecidas. Isso reforça a necessidade de um planejamento urbano que considere as características específicas das áreas verdes, visando garantir o acesso equitativo à natureza e promover cidades mais inclusivas. Palavras-chave: Vegetação urbana; Justiça ambiental; Gestão da floresta urbana.
The accelerated urbanization in Brazil has led to various environmental and social problems, affecting the quality of life in cities, especially due to the reduced contact with nature. Urban green areas provide essential ecosystem services to mitigate these impacts. However, the unequal distribution of these areas in cities, often linked to socioeconomic factors, raises issues of environmental justice. This study aims to analyze the ecosystem services provided by diverse types of green areas in Belo Horizonte, considering regional socioeconomic inequalities and public perception. To achieve this, the dissertation is structured into three chapters. The first chapter analyzes the regulating and supporting ecosystem services in distinct types of green areas, taking into account regional socioeconomic variations through landscape analysis. The second chapter investigates the cultural ecosystem services provided by these areas, relating them to the socioeconomic patterns of Belo Horizonte’s regions. The third chapter examines the population’s perception of ecosystem services and disservices, exploring behaviors, usage preferences, and willingness to pay for the conservation of these spaces. For the first two chapters, the research covered nine green areas in Belo Horizonte, distributed across three regions—Centro-Sul, Pampulha, and Barreiro—selected based on the Human Development Index (IDHM) and categorized into three distinct types: open parks, closed parks, and squares. The results revealed that the type of green area has a greater influence on the supply and perception of ecosystem services than the socioeconomic patterns of the regions. The findings indicated that socioeconomic inequalities do not significantly influence the provision of regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services in Belo Horizonte. On the other hand, the type of green area proved to be a determining factor. Closed parks, with larger areas of dense forest, stood out in providing regulating and supporting services, while squares and open parks had a lower capacity. The analysis of cultural services showed that, although there were slight differences among the regions, the type of green area had a greater impact on the perception and use of these services. Regarding the perception of services and disservices, analyzed in the third chapter, there was a consensus among respondents that green areas provide services, with improved quality of life and climate conditions being the most mentioned benefits. Meanwhile, insecurity and illicit activities were the most frequently cited disservices. The evaluation of green areas was more positive in less privileged regions, such as Barreiro, but willingness to pay for conservation was similar across all regions. Closed parks received better evaluations regarding maintenance and had a lower perception of disservices, resulting in a greater willingness to pay for their conservation. The research showed that, although residents live close to these areas, their usage frequency is sporadic. It is concluded that the green areas of Belo Horizonte play an essential role in promoting ecosystem services and significantly contribute to environmental justice, especially in less privileged regions. This reinforces the need for urban planning that considers the specific characteristics of green areas, aiming to ensure equitable access to nature and promote more inclusive cities. Keywords: Urban vegetation; Environmental justice; Urban forest management
The accelerated urbanization in Brazil has led to various environmental and social problems, affecting the quality of life in cities, especially due to the reduced contact with nature. Urban green areas provide essential ecosystem services to mitigate these impacts. However, the unequal distribution of these areas in cities, often linked to socioeconomic factors, raises issues of environmental justice. This study aims to analyze the ecosystem services provided by diverse types of green areas in Belo Horizonte, considering regional socioeconomic inequalities and public perception. To achieve this, the dissertation is structured into three chapters. The first chapter analyzes the regulating and supporting ecosystem services in distinct types of green areas, taking into account regional socioeconomic variations through landscape analysis. The second chapter investigates the cultural ecosystem services provided by these areas, relating them to the socioeconomic patterns of Belo Horizonte’s regions. The third chapter examines the population’s perception of ecosystem services and disservices, exploring behaviors, usage preferences, and willingness to pay for the conservation of these spaces. For the first two chapters, the research covered nine green areas in Belo Horizonte, distributed across three regions—Centro-Sul, Pampulha, and Barreiro—selected based on the Human Development Index (IDHM) and categorized into three distinct types: open parks, closed parks, and squares. The results revealed that the type of green area has a greater influence on the supply and perception of ecosystem services than the socioeconomic patterns of the regions. The findings indicated that socioeconomic inequalities do not significantly influence the provision of regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services in Belo Horizonte. On the other hand, the type of green area proved to be a determining factor. Closed parks, with larger areas of dense forest, stood out in providing regulating and supporting services, while squares and open parks had a lower capacity. The analysis of cultural services showed that, although there were slight differences among the regions, the type of green area had a greater impact on the perception and use of these services. Regarding the perception of services and disservices, analyzed in the third chapter, there was a consensus among respondents that green areas provide services, with improved quality of life and climate conditions being the most mentioned benefits. Meanwhile, insecurity and illicit activities were the most frequently cited disservices. The evaluation of green areas was more positive in less privileged regions, such as Barreiro, but willingness to pay for conservation was similar across all regions. Closed parks received better evaluations regarding maintenance and had a lower perception of disservices, resulting in a greater willingness to pay for their conservation. The research showed that, although residents live close to these areas, their usage frequency is sporadic. It is concluded that the green areas of Belo Horizonte play an essential role in promoting ecosystem services and significantly contribute to environmental justice, especially in less privileged regions. This reinforces the need for urban planning that considers the specific characteristics of green areas, aiming to ensure equitable access to nature and promote more inclusive cities. Keywords: Urban vegetation; Environmental justice; Urban forest management
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SOUSA, Abraão Marcos Borges Cardoso de. Padrões socioeconômicos e a relação com a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos das áreas verdes urbanas. 2025. 171 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
