Referências de nutrientes em solos e em espécies vegetais nativas de campos rupestres
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A preservação da biodiversidade é um grande desafio global. Os campos rupestres são ecossistemas associados a afloramentos de rochas e ocorrem sobre topos de montanhas. Esses ecossistemas abrigam uma vegetação marcada pela biodiversidade e endemismo, contudo, são ambientes ainda pouco estudados e fortemente ameaçados, por exemplo, pela mineração de ferro. Os objetivos com esse trabalho foram contribuir com a preservação e a recuperação ambiental de campos rupestres por meio do estudo de métodos de análises de solos, das características dos solos associados a diferentes habitats e da análise da estratégia de ciclagem bioquímica de nutrientes e elementos não essenciais por espécies de plantas de campos rupestres. Para isso, foram realizados três estudos em campos rupestres na Serra da Calçada, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais. Inicialmente, a área de estudo foi estratificada em função da litologia (substratos ferruginosos e quartzitos). Em seguida, o campo rupestre em cada litologia foi estratificado em três habitats mais representativos, a partir de informações disponíveis na literatura especializada, de conversas com pesquisadores e de excursões a campo. Para cada habitat foram demarcadas cinco parcelas de 100 m². Em cada parcela foram coletadas três amostras compostas de solo, totalizando 15 amostras compostas de solo para cada habitat. Amostras de folhas jovens e senescentes de dez espécies de plantas foram coletadas em áreas de canga ferruginosa. No primeiro estudo foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação para a avaliar a disponibilidade de P, Ca e Mg nas amostras de solo coletadas em campo, utilizando o método biológico de Neubauer. Os teores de P, Ca e Mg no solo também foram determinados utilizando extratores químicos KCl 1 mol/L, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3, e diferentes métodos de dosagem. Os resultados foram submetidos a testes de médias e de correlação. No segundo estudo as amostras de solo foram caracterizadas física e quimicamente, com o objetivo de caracterizar os diferentes habitats a partir dos solos associados. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a testes de médias (Kruskal- Wallis, p < 0,05), análises de componentes principais e análise de variância multivariada permutacional (p < 0,05). No terceiro estudo as amostras de folhas foram analisadas quanto aos teores totais de nutrientes e elementos não essenciais. A partir dos resultados foi calculada a magnitude relativa da ciclagem bioquímica para os diferentes elementos analisados, sendo o macronutriente Ca como elemento marcador. Os teores dos elementos nas folhas foram resumidos por estatística descritiva e os resultados para a magnitude relativa da ciclagem bioquímica foram submetidos a análise de cluster. De maneira geral, os resultados dos estudos mostraram que: os métodos químicos de análises de solos são adequados para estimar a disponibilidade de P, Ca e Mg nos solos de campos rupestres; os solos associados a diferentes habitats apresentam diferentes quanto as características físicas e químicas, o que implica em oportunidades para diferentes estratégias da vegetação, e; as estratégias de ciclagem e não ciclagem bioquímica está presente na vegetação, com descriminação entre as diferentes espécies e em função da abundância dos elementos no solo. Palavras-chave: Métodos de análises de solos,; Gradientes ambientais; Espécies endêmicas; Recuperação de áreas degradadas.
The preservation of biodiversity is a major global challenge. Rupestrian grasslands are ecosystems associated with rock outcrops and occur on mountain tops. These ecosystems harbor vegetation characterized by high biodiversity and endemism; however, they remain understudied and are severely threatened by activities such as iron ore mining. The aim of this study was to contribute to the preservation and ecological restoration of rupestrian grasslands through the investigation of soil analysis methods, the characterization of soils associated with different habitats, and the evaluation of the biochemical cycling strategies of nutrients and non-essential elements by plant species typical of rupestrian grasslands. To achieve this, three studies were conducted in rupestrian grasslands located in the Serra da Calçada, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Initially, the study area was stratified based on lithology (ferruginous and quartzite substrates). Subsequently, within each lithology, the rupestrian grassland was further stratified into three representative habitats, as identified through specialized literature, consultations with researchers, and field surveys. For each habitat, five plots of 100 m² were demarcated. In each plot, three composite soil samples were collected, totaling 15 composite soil samples per habitat. Young and senescent leaf samples from ten plant species were collected in areas with ferruginous substrates (canga). The first study involved a greenhouse experiment to assess the availability of P, Ca, and Mg in the field-collected soil samples using the Neubauer biological method. The concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg in the soil were also determined using chemical extractants (1 mol/L KCl, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3) and various quantification methods. The results were subjected to mean comparison tests and correlation analyses. In the second study, the soil samples were physically and chemically characterized to distinguish the different habitats based on their associated soils. The results were analyzed using mean comparison tests (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05), principal component analysis, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). In the third study, the leaf samples were analyzed for total nutrient and non-essential element concentrations. Based on these results, the relative magnitude of biochemical cycling for the different elements was calculated, using calcium (Ca) as a reference macronutrient. Element concentrations in leaves were summarized using descriptive statistics, and the results for the relative magnitude of biochemical cycling were analyzed by cluster analysis. Overall, the results demonstrated that: chemical soil analysis methods are suitable for estimating the availability of P, Ca, and Mg in rupestrian grassland soils; the soils associated with different habitats exhibit distinct physical and chemical characteristics, which provide opportunities for diverse vegetation strategies; and the strategies of biochemical cycling and non-cycling are present among the vegetation, with variation across species and in relation to the abundance of elements in the soil. Keywords: Soil analysis methods; Environmental gradients; Endemic species; Restoration of degraded areas.
The preservation of biodiversity is a major global challenge. Rupestrian grasslands are ecosystems associated with rock outcrops and occur on mountain tops. These ecosystems harbor vegetation characterized by high biodiversity and endemism; however, they remain understudied and are severely threatened by activities such as iron ore mining. The aim of this study was to contribute to the preservation and ecological restoration of rupestrian grasslands through the investigation of soil analysis methods, the characterization of soils associated with different habitats, and the evaluation of the biochemical cycling strategies of nutrients and non-essential elements by plant species typical of rupestrian grasslands. To achieve this, three studies were conducted in rupestrian grasslands located in the Serra da Calçada, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Initially, the study area was stratified based on lithology (ferruginous and quartzite substrates). Subsequently, within each lithology, the rupestrian grassland was further stratified into three representative habitats, as identified through specialized literature, consultations with researchers, and field surveys. For each habitat, five plots of 100 m² were demarcated. In each plot, three composite soil samples were collected, totaling 15 composite soil samples per habitat. Young and senescent leaf samples from ten plant species were collected in areas with ferruginous substrates (canga). The first study involved a greenhouse experiment to assess the availability of P, Ca, and Mg in the field-collected soil samples using the Neubauer biological method. The concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg in the soil were also determined using chemical extractants (1 mol/L KCl, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3) and various quantification methods. The results were subjected to mean comparison tests and correlation analyses. In the second study, the soil samples were physically and chemically characterized to distinguish the different habitats based on their associated soils. The results were analyzed using mean comparison tests (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05), principal component analysis, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). In the third study, the leaf samples were analyzed for total nutrient and non-essential element concentrations. Based on these results, the relative magnitude of biochemical cycling for the different elements was calculated, using calcium (Ca) as a reference macronutrient. Element concentrations in leaves were summarized using descriptive statistics, and the results for the relative magnitude of biochemical cycling were analyzed by cluster analysis. Overall, the results demonstrated that: chemical soil analysis methods are suitable for estimating the availability of P, Ca, and Mg in rupestrian grassland soils; the soils associated with different habitats exhibit distinct physical and chemical characteristics, which provide opportunities for diverse vegetation strategies; and the strategies of biochemical cycling and non-cycling are present among the vegetation, with variation across species and in relation to the abundance of elements in the soil. Keywords: Soil analysis methods; Environmental gradients; Endemic species; Restoration of degraded areas.
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SILVA JÚNIOR, Daniel Nunes da. Referências de nutrientes em solos e em espécies vegetais nativas de campos rupestres. 2024. 123 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
