Literacia em saúde: desenvolvimento, implementação e avaliação de estratégias de promoção da saúde para indivíduos com diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertensão arterial
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) e a Hipertensão Arterial (HA) são morbidades que representam graves problemas de saúde pública com repercussões sanitárias e socioeconômicas para o Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver, implementar e avaliar estratégias de promoção da saúde orientadas pela Literacia em Saúde (LS) no autocuidado de indivíduos diagnosticados com DM e/ou HA assistidos pela Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Esta pesquisa adota uma abordagem multimétodos, com desenhos transversal e quase- experimental do tipo antes e depois, envolvendo indivíduos diagnosticados com DM e/ou HA, cadastrados e acompanhados pela APS do município. Foi realizado um ciclo de intervenção com três oficinas educativas sobre autocuidado em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e visitas domiciliares por três meses. A coleta de dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e de hábitos de vida foi feita por meio de entrevistas a partir de um questionário semiestruturado, além do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) e do Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar (QFCA). Para a avaliação física, foram realizadas medidas antropométricas como peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura e circunferência da panturrilha. A avaliação do nível de LS pré e pós-intervenção dos participantes foi obtida pela versão brasileira do European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire, na versão curta (HLS- EU-BR-Q16). Os dados foram digitados no Excel® 2019 e analisados no SPSS 25.0, adotando um nível de significância estatística de 5%. Na análise descritiva, para as variáveis contínuas, foram calculadas médias e desvios padrão, além de medianas e percentis. Variáveis categóricas foram calculadas em frequências absolutas e relativas. A distribuição dos dados das variáveis quantitativas foi verificada pelo cálculo de medidas de assimetria e curtose, além do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Segundo a distribuição não normal, foram utilizados testes não paramétricos Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis para verificar associações. Ademais, foram ajustados modelos de regressão linear univariada e multivaridada. Para as comparações, foram utilizados os testes de Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney. Esta dissertação foi construída em formato de dois artigos. Como resultados deste estudo, apresenta-se um panorama sobre fatores relacionados à LS em um público predominantemente feminino, branco, idoso, de baixa renda e escolaridade, residente em área urbana e com acesso à internet. Encontrou-se um nível problemático ou inadequado de LS na maioria dos participantes (média: 11,2 ± 3,4). A renda entre 1 e 2 salários apresentou pontuações inferiores de LS. Relativo às intervenções educativas, os achados apontam para melhorias em questões específicas de LS: avaliar quando necessitar uma segunda opinião médica e avaliar se as informações sobre riscos de saúde na mídia são de confiança. Ademais, o estudo destaca as barreiras educacionais e socioeconômicas que inviabilizam a população de alcançar uma LS adequada. No entanto, verifica-se que estratégias educativas bem estruturadas e adaptadas ao contexto do território podem melhorar a compreensão e a autogestão da saúde, refletindo em maior autocuidado. Nesse sentido, este estudo reafirma importância de políticas públicas intersetoriais que promovam o empoderamento e a autonomia dos indivíduos por meio da saúde e educação. Palavras-chave: literacia em aaúde; promoção da saúde; educação em saúde; doenças crônicas não transmissíveis
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (HT) are morbidities that represent serious public health problems with significant health and socioeconomic repercussions for Brazil. This study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate health promotion strategies guided by Health Literacy (HL) in the self-care of individuals diagnosed with DM and/or HT treated by Primary Health Care (PHC) in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. This research adopts a multimethod approach, with a cross-sectional, quasi- experimental before-and-after design, involving individuals diagnosed with DM and/or HT, registered and monitored by the municipality's PHC. An intervention cycle was conducted with three educational workshops on self-care in Basic Health Units (UBS) and home visits over a three-month period. Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data were collected through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire, as well as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference, and calf circumference were taken for physical assessment. The pre- and post-intervention HL level of participants was assessed using the Brazilian version of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire, short form (HLS-EU- BR-Q16). Data were entered into Excel® 2019 and analyzed in SPSS 25.0, adopting a 5% statistical significance level. In the descriptive analysis, means and standard deviations, as well as medians and percentiles, were calculated for continuous variables. Categorical variables were calculated as absolute and relative frequencies. The distribution of quantitative data was verified by calculating measures of skewness and kurtosis, in addition to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Given the non- normal distribution, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to verify associations. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate linear regression models were adjusted. The Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparisons. This dissertation was organized in two articles. The results of this study present an overview of factors related to HL in a predominantly female, White, elderly, low-income, low-education population living in urban areas with internet access. Problematic or inadequate HL levels were found in most participants (mean: 11.2 ± 3.4). Incomes between one and two minimum wages presented lower HL scores. Regarding educational interventions, the findings point to improvements in specific health literacy issues: assessing when a second medical opinion is needed and assessing the reliability of information about health risks in the media. Furthermore, the study highlights the educational and socioeconomic barriers that prevent the population from achieving adequate health literacy. However, it appears that well-structured educational strategies adapted to the local context can improve health understanding and self-management, resulting in greater self-care. In this sense, this study reaffirms the importance of intersectoral public policies that promote individual empowerment and autonomy through health and education. Keywords: health literacy; health promotion; health education; chronic noncommunicable diseases
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (HT) are morbidities that represent serious public health problems with significant health and socioeconomic repercussions for Brazil. This study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate health promotion strategies guided by Health Literacy (HL) in the self-care of individuals diagnosed with DM and/or HT treated by Primary Health Care (PHC) in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. This research adopts a multimethod approach, with a cross-sectional, quasi- experimental before-and-after design, involving individuals diagnosed with DM and/or HT, registered and monitored by the municipality's PHC. An intervention cycle was conducted with three educational workshops on self-care in Basic Health Units (UBS) and home visits over a three-month period. Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data were collected through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire, as well as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference, and calf circumference were taken for physical assessment. The pre- and post-intervention HL level of participants was assessed using the Brazilian version of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire, short form (HLS-EU- BR-Q16). Data were entered into Excel® 2019 and analyzed in SPSS 25.0, adopting a 5% statistical significance level. In the descriptive analysis, means and standard deviations, as well as medians and percentiles, were calculated for continuous variables. Categorical variables were calculated as absolute and relative frequencies. The distribution of quantitative data was verified by calculating measures of skewness and kurtosis, in addition to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Given the non- normal distribution, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to verify associations. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate linear regression models were adjusted. The Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparisons. This dissertation was organized in two articles. The results of this study present an overview of factors related to HL in a predominantly female, White, elderly, low-income, low-education population living in urban areas with internet access. Problematic or inadequate HL levels were found in most participants (mean: 11.2 ± 3.4). Incomes between one and two minimum wages presented lower HL scores. Regarding educational interventions, the findings point to improvements in specific health literacy issues: assessing when a second medical opinion is needed and assessing the reliability of information about health risks in the media. Furthermore, the study highlights the educational and socioeconomic barriers that prevent the population from achieving adequate health literacy. However, it appears that well-structured educational strategies adapted to the local context can improve health understanding and self-management, resulting in greater self-care. In this sense, this study reaffirms the importance of intersectoral public policies that promote individual empowerment and autonomy through health and education. Keywords: health literacy; health promotion; health education; chronic noncommunicable diseases
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Citation
OLIVEIRA, Lara Camargo de. Literacia em saúde: desenvolvimento, implementação e avaliação de estratégias de promoção da saúde para indivíduos com diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertensão arterial. 2025. 166 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
