Trichoderma: genoma mitocondrial, micovírus e potencial de controle biológico de patógenos do feijoeiro comum
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Trichoderma é um gênero de ascomicetos amplamente reconhecido pelo seu grande potencial biotecnológico. Usado principalmente como agente de controle biológico, é também um exímio produtor de enzimas e metabólitos secundários de grande interesse industrial. Como saprófita, é um componente importante das comunidades microbianas em ambientes tropicais. Este trabalho objetivou a caracterização dos genomas de um grupo de micovírus associado a Trichoderma spp. isolados a partir de amostras de solo. Além disso, o genoma mitocondrial de Trichoderma brasiliensis, espécie endofítica da seringueira Hevea brasiliensis, foi analisado. Trichoderma spp. isolados do solo apresentaram grande diversidade de micovírus. Em três espécies distintas de Trichoderma, sete espécies de micovírus foram identificadas, incluindo possíveis novas espécies virais e registros de ocorrência pela primeira vez em Trichoderma. Linhagens livres de vírus foram obtidas para o isolado F50, o qual é filogeneticamente próximo da espécie Trichoderma arundinaceum. As linhagens livres de vírus não exibiram alterações perceptíveis em relação ao isolado selvagem original nas condições avaliadas. Os vírus pertencem às famílias Partitiviridae (TkF30P1, TaF50P1 e TaF50P2), Chrysoviridae (TaF50C1), Fusagraviridae (TkF42FV1), Phenuiviridae (TkF42NSRV1) e à classe Bunyaviricetes (TkF42MV1). Nos ensaios in vitro, observaram-se percentuais de inibição significativos para os três fitopatógenos analisados: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e Rhizoctonia solani. Os isolados de Trichoderma spp. do clado Viride apresentaram proeminente capacidade de micoparasitismo frente aos fitopatógenos, sobretudo contra C. lindemuthianum e R. solani. Em relação aos ensaios in vivo, o isolado F30 promoveu maior acúmulo de massa aérea e proporcionou plantas mais altas. A análise do genoma mitocondrial de T. brasiliensis revelou um cromossomo circular de DNA fita dupla de 34.583 pb que codifica 49 genes: 14 genes envolvidos no metabolismo respiratório, dois genes que codificam RNAs ribossomais, 25 genes que codificam tRNAs, um gene que codifica a proteína ribossomal S3 e sete ORFs pouco conservadas (non-conserved open readingframe, ncORF). Além disso, foram identificados quatro íntrons do grupo I no genoma mitocondrial de T. brasiliensis, sendo que três deles possuem ORFs pouco conservadas. A análise filogenética confirmou a classificação de T. brasiliensis como membro do clado Brevicompactum. Em conjunto, os resultados gerados contribuem para o entendimento da diversidade genética e ecologia de Trichoderma em ambientes tropicais, contribuindo com conhecimentos acerca deste fungo no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Trichoderma; micovírus; mtDNA; promoção de crescimento; biocontrole.
Trichoderma is a genus of ascomycete fungi widely recognized for its great biotechnological potential. Used primarily as a biological control agent, it is also an outstanding producer of enzymes and secondary metabolites of major industrial interest. As a saprophyte, it is an important component of microbial communities in tropical environments. This study aimed to characterize the genomes of a group of mycoviruses associated with Trichoderma spp. isolated from soil samples. In addition, the mitochondrial genome of Trichoderma brasiliensis, an endophytic species from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, was analyzed. Soil-derived Trichoderma spp. exhibited a high diversity of mycoviruses. In three distinct Trichoderma species, seven mycovirus species were identified, including putative new viral species and first records of occurrence in Trichoderma. Virus-free lines were obtained for isolate F50, which is phylogenetically close to Trichoderma arundinaceum. The virus-free lines did not show noticeable alterations compared with the original wild-type isolate. The viruses belong to the families Partitiviridae (TkF30P1, TaF50P1 and TaF50P2), Chrysoviridae (TaF50C1), Fusagraviridae (TkF42FV1), Phenuiviridae (TkF42NSRV1), and to the class Bunyaviricetes (TkF42MV1). In in vitro assays, significant inhibition percentages were observed for the three phytopathogens analyzed: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Trichoderma spp. isolates of the Viride clade showed a prominent mycoparasitic capacity against these phytopathogens, especially against C. lindemuthianum and R. solani. In the in vivo assays, isolate F30 promoted greater accumulation of shoot dry mass and produced taller plants. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of T. brasiliensis revealed a circular double- stranded DNA chromosome of 34,583 bp encoding 49 genes: 14 genes involved in respiratory metabolism, two genes encoding ribosomal RNAs, 25 genes encoding tRNAs, one gene encoding the ribosomal protein S3, and seven poorly conserved ORFs (non-conserved open reading frames, ncORFs). In addition, four group I introns were identified in the mitochondrial genome of T. brasiliensis, three of which contain poorly conserved ORFs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the classification of T. brasiliensis as a member of the Brevicompactum clade. Taken together, these results contribute to the understanding of the genetic diversity and ecology of Trichoderma in tropical environments, expanding current knowledge of the Brazilian fungi. Keywords: Trichoderma; mycoviruses; mtDNA; growth promotion; biocontrol.
Trichoderma is a genus of ascomycete fungi widely recognized for its great biotechnological potential. Used primarily as a biological control agent, it is also an outstanding producer of enzymes and secondary metabolites of major industrial interest. As a saprophyte, it is an important component of microbial communities in tropical environments. This study aimed to characterize the genomes of a group of mycoviruses associated with Trichoderma spp. isolated from soil samples. In addition, the mitochondrial genome of Trichoderma brasiliensis, an endophytic species from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, was analyzed. Soil-derived Trichoderma spp. exhibited a high diversity of mycoviruses. In three distinct Trichoderma species, seven mycovirus species were identified, including putative new viral species and first records of occurrence in Trichoderma. Virus-free lines were obtained for isolate F50, which is phylogenetically close to Trichoderma arundinaceum. The virus-free lines did not show noticeable alterations compared with the original wild-type isolate. The viruses belong to the families Partitiviridae (TkF30P1, TaF50P1 and TaF50P2), Chrysoviridae (TaF50C1), Fusagraviridae (TkF42FV1), Phenuiviridae (TkF42NSRV1), and to the class Bunyaviricetes (TkF42MV1). In in vitro assays, significant inhibition percentages were observed for the three phytopathogens analyzed: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Trichoderma spp. isolates of the Viride clade showed a prominent mycoparasitic capacity against these phytopathogens, especially against C. lindemuthianum and R. solani. In the in vivo assays, isolate F30 promoted greater accumulation of shoot dry mass and produced taller plants. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of T. brasiliensis revealed a circular double- stranded DNA chromosome of 34,583 bp encoding 49 genes: 14 genes involved in respiratory metabolism, two genes encoding ribosomal RNAs, 25 genes encoding tRNAs, one gene encoding the ribosomal protein S3, and seven poorly conserved ORFs (non-conserved open reading frames, ncORFs). In addition, four group I introns were identified in the mitochondrial genome of T. brasiliensis, three of which contain poorly conserved ORFs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the classification of T. brasiliensis as a member of the Brevicompactum clade. Taken together, these results contribute to the understanding of the genetic diversity and ecology of Trichoderma in tropical environments, expanding current knowledge of the Brazilian fungi. Keywords: Trichoderma; mycoviruses; mtDNA; growth promotion; biocontrol.
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XAVIER, Luiz Felipe da Silva. Trichoderma: genoma mitocondrial, micovírus e potencial de controle biológico de patógenos do feijoeiro comum. 2025. 122 f. Tese (Doutorado em Microbiologia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
