Isolamento e caracterização de fungos solubilizadores de fosfato de solo tratado com ácido málico
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Em face do aumento da demanda por alimentos resultante do crescimento populacional, a produção agrícola tem-se intensificado em todo o mundo. Para garantir a segurança alimentar futura, a disponibilidade de P para os cultivos torna-se central. O P desempenha papel importante no desenvolvimento das plantas, atuando como componente estrutural da célula ou desempenhando distintas funções nas reações metabólicas. Nos solos, apenas 0,1 % do P total está presente em formas solúveis disponíveis para as plantas. A aplicação de fertilizantes fosfatados é sempre fundamental para atender a demanda vegetal. No entanto, grande parte do P adicionado ao solo é fixada nas superfícies de argilas ou forma complexos pouco solúveis com Fe, Al e Ca, resultando em aumentos do custo de produção e diminuindo a sustentabilidade agrícola. O uso de microrganismos solubilizadores de fosfato (MSF) pode melhorar esse cenário, uma vez que eles têm a capacidade de disponibilizar P a partir de compostos minerais pouco reativos ou a partir da matéria orgânica do solo. Os MSF podem ser encontrados na rizosfera, região de intensa interação entre as raízes de plantas e a microbiota do solo. As raízes das plantas influenciam diretamente a atividade microbiana nesse local por meio de rizodeposições. As rizodeposições incluem açúcares, aminoácidos, ácidos orgânicos, dentre outros, que atraem, selecionam e sustentam populações microbianas específicas. Por exemplo, a liberação de ácido málico no solo aumenta as populações de MSF rizosféricos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de isolar fungos solubilizadores de fosfato de solo tratado com ácido málico e caracterizar a capacidade dos mesmos em solubilizar fosfatos de rocha e promover a liberação de P adsorvido ao solo, tanto na presença quanto na ausência desse composto. Amostras de solo foram incubadas durante 15 dias a 28 ºC, em meio NBRIP modificado, suplementado com 3,99 g L-1 de ácido málico. Após o período de incubação. diluições seriadas até 10-6 foram realizadas e plaqueadas em ágar NBRIP. Colônias que apresentaram halo de solubilização de fosfato, foram isoladas, purificadas e estocadas para avaliação do potencial de solubilização de diferentes fontes de P, dessorção de P e liberação de P, na ausência ou presencia do ácido málico. A suplementação do meio NBRIP com ácido málico favoreceu o aumento das populações de fungos solubilizadores de fosfato. Os maiores valores de P solúvel (mg L-1) obtidos para os isolados obtidos na presença de diferentes fontes de fósforo foram: 563,4 para o Ca3PO4; 26,2 para o FePO4; e 17, 8 para o AlPO4. Para os fosfatos de rocha, os maiores valores de P solúvel (mg L-1) foram 105,5 para Aipe; 76,3 para Patos; 49,1 para Catalão; e 26,1 para Araxá. Nos tratamentos com P fixado ao solo, o maior valor de P solúvel (mg L-1) obtido foi de 0,24, indicando baixo potencial de dessorção de P pelos fungos testados. Neste trabalho, a suplementação de meio NBRIP modificado com ácido málico não melhorou a capacidade de solubilização de fosfatos dos isolados fúngicos, mas contribuiu para a solubilização abiótica de todas as fontes de P avaliadas e para a dessorção de P do solo. Neste trabalho, o aumento das populações de fungos solubilizadores de fosfatos no solo e a maior solubilização/dessorção de P foram os principais efeitos do ácido málico na disponibilização de P, indicando o potencial desse metabólito em promover a mobilização dos reservatórios de P do solo de forma a contribuir com a nutrição fosfatada de plantas e microrganismos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ácido málico. Fungos solubilizadores de fosfato. Rochas fosfóricas. P adsorvido.
Considering the increased demand for food resulting from population growth, agricultural production has intensified around the world. To ensure future food security, the availability of P for crops becomes central. P plays an important role in plant development, acting as a structural component of the cell or playing different roles in metabolic reactions. In soils, only 0.1% of the total P is present in soluble forms available to plants. Thus, the application of phosphate fertilizers is essential to meet crop demand. However, much of the P added to the soil is fixed on clay surfaces or forms poorly soluble complexes with Fe, Al and Ca, resulting in production cost increases and decreasing agricultural sustainability. The use of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (MSF) can improve this scenario, as they have the ability to make P available from poorly reactive mineral compounds or from soil organic matter. MSF can be found in the rhizosphere, a region of intense interaction between plant roots and soil microbiota. Plant roots directly influence microbial activity in this location through rhizodepositions. Rhizodepositions include sugars, amino acids, organic acids, among others, which attract, select and support specific microbial populations. For example, the release of malic acid in the soil increases rhizospheric MSF populations. Thus, the objective of this work was to isolate phosphate solubilizing fungi from soil treated with malic acid and characterize their ability to solubilize rock phosphates and promote the release of P adsorbed to the soil, both in the presence and absence of this compound. Soil samples were incubated for 15 days at 28 ºC, in modified NBRIP medium, supplemented with 3.99 g L-1 of malic acid. After the incubation period. serial dilutions up to 10-6 were made and plated on NBRIP agar. Colonies that showed halo of phosphate solubilization were isolated, purified and stored to evaluate the potential for solubilization of different P sources, P desorption and P release, in the absence or presence of malic acid. The supplementation of the NBRIP medium with malic acid favored the increase in the populations of phosphate solubilizing fungi. The highest values of soluble P (mg L-1) obtained for the isolates obtained in the presence of different phosphorus sources were: 563.4 for Ca3PO4; 26,2 for FePO4; and 17,8 for AlPO4. For rock phosphates, the highest values of soluble P (mg L-1) were 105,5 for Aipe; 76,3 for Ducks; 49,1 for Catalan; and 26,1 for Araxá. In treatments with P fixed to the soil, the highest value of soluble P (mgL-1) obtained was 0.24, indicating a low potential for P desorption by the tested fungi. In this work, the supplementation of NBRIP medium modified with malic acid did not improve the phosphate solubilization capacity of the fungal isolates, but it contributed to the abiotic solubilization of all evaluated P sources and to the desorption of P from the soil. In this work, the increased populations of phosphate-solubilizing fungi in the soil and the greater solubilization/desorption of P were the main effects of malic acid on P availability, indicating the potential of this metabolite to promote the mobilization of P reservoirs in the soil of to contribute to the phosphate nutrition of plants and microorganisms. KEYWORDS: Malic acid. Phosphate solubilizing fungi. Phosphoric rocks. Adsorbed P.
Considering the increased demand for food resulting from population growth, agricultural production has intensified around the world. To ensure future food security, the availability of P for crops becomes central. P plays an important role in plant development, acting as a structural component of the cell or playing different roles in metabolic reactions. In soils, only 0.1% of the total P is present in soluble forms available to plants. Thus, the application of phosphate fertilizers is essential to meet crop demand. However, much of the P added to the soil is fixed on clay surfaces or forms poorly soluble complexes with Fe, Al and Ca, resulting in production cost increases and decreasing agricultural sustainability. The use of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (MSF) can improve this scenario, as they have the ability to make P available from poorly reactive mineral compounds or from soil organic matter. MSF can be found in the rhizosphere, a region of intense interaction between plant roots and soil microbiota. Plant roots directly influence microbial activity in this location through rhizodepositions. Rhizodepositions include sugars, amino acids, organic acids, among others, which attract, select and support specific microbial populations. For example, the release of malic acid in the soil increases rhizospheric MSF populations. Thus, the objective of this work was to isolate phosphate solubilizing fungi from soil treated with malic acid and characterize their ability to solubilize rock phosphates and promote the release of P adsorbed to the soil, both in the presence and absence of this compound. Soil samples were incubated for 15 days at 28 ºC, in modified NBRIP medium, supplemented with 3.99 g L-1 of malic acid. After the incubation period. serial dilutions up to 10-6 were made and plated on NBRIP agar. Colonies that showed halo of phosphate solubilization were isolated, purified and stored to evaluate the potential for solubilization of different P sources, P desorption and P release, in the absence or presence of malic acid. The supplementation of the NBRIP medium with malic acid favored the increase in the populations of phosphate solubilizing fungi. The highest values of soluble P (mg L-1) obtained for the isolates obtained in the presence of different phosphorus sources were: 563.4 for Ca3PO4; 26,2 for FePO4; and 17,8 for AlPO4. For rock phosphates, the highest values of soluble P (mg L-1) were 105,5 for Aipe; 76,3 for Ducks; 49,1 for Catalan; and 26,1 for Araxá. In treatments with P fixed to the soil, the highest value of soluble P (mgL-1) obtained was 0.24, indicating a low potential for P desorption by the tested fungi. In this work, the supplementation of NBRIP medium modified with malic acid did not improve the phosphate solubilization capacity of the fungal isolates, but it contributed to the abiotic solubilization of all evaluated P sources and to the desorption of P from the soil. In this work, the increased populations of phosphate-solubilizing fungi in the soil and the greater solubilization/desorption of P were the main effects of malic acid on P availability, indicating the potential of this metabolite to promote the mobilization of P reservoirs in the soil of to contribute to the phosphate nutrition of plants and microorganisms. KEYWORDS: Malic acid. Phosphate solubilizing fungi. Phosphoric rocks. Adsorbed P.
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Citation
LOZANO PUENTES, Hair Santiago. Isolamento e caracterização de fungos solubilizadores de fosfato de solo tratado com ácido málico. 2021. 54 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Microbiologia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2021.
