Summit disease como estratégia de manipulação comportamental em Iguarima censoria (Araneae, Anyphaenidae) induzida por uma nova espécie de Gibellula (Hypocreales, Ascomycota)
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Fungos araneopatogênicos do gênero Gibellula são comumente observados sobre cadáveres de aranhas fixadas na face abaxial das folhas, em diferentes alturas no sub-bosque da floresta. Embora existam indícios de que aranhas infectadas por esses fungos mudem de posição antes da morte, faltam estudos detalhados para comprovar a existência de manipulação comportamental por meio de deslocamento espacial. Neste trabalho, por meio de uma abordagem morfológica e molecular, descrevi uma nova espécie de fungo parasita, Gibellula minensis sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Ascomycota) para a Mata Atlântica, além de avaliar a prevalência de parasitismo e a seleção de hospedeiro nas populações da aranha Iguarima censoria. Além disso, investiguei se G. minensis sp. nov. induz aranhas parasitadas a morrerem em locais mais altos e/ou mais iluminados, condições que poderiam favorecer a dispersão e o desenvolvimento do fungo. Por fim, avaliei se o padrão de morte, com cadáveres fixados na face abaxial das folhas, desempenha um papel relevante na preservação dos conidióforos, estruturas fúngicas que produzem os esporos. Observei que aranhas I. censoria parasitadas por G. minensis sp. nov. tendem a morrer em alturas maiores, embora não em locais mais iluminados. A fixação dos cadáveres na face abaxial das folhas demonstrou oferecer alta proteção, prevenindo a inviabilidade dos conidióforos devido à maior exposição à chuva, vento e dessecação. Esse resultado evidencia um benefício direto para o parasita, relacionado ao deslocamento espacial. Adicionalmente, verifiquei que a prevalência de parasitismo na população de I. censoria analisada foi de 25%, sendo maior em aranhas com menor tamanho corporal. Essa alta taxa de infecção em aranhas menores pode ser explicada por características morfológicas, imunológicas e comportamentais específicas, como a menor espessura e esclerotização da cutícula ou ainda hábitos de forrageamento mais intensos. Nesse contexto, meus resultados contribuem para a compreensão de que aranhas parasitadas por espécie do gênero Gibellula são induzidas ao deslocamento espacial antes de morrerem e que a fixação na face abaxial das folhas implica benefícios claros para o fungo, aumentando sua aptidão. Palavras-chave: parasita-hospedeiro; fenótipo estendido; hypocreales; summit disease
Araneopathogenic fungi of the genus Gibellula are commonly observed on spider cadavers affixed to the abaxial surface of leaves, at varying heights within the forest understory. Although there is evidence that spiders infected by these fungi change position before death, detailed studies are lacking to demonstrate behavioral manipulation via spatial displacement. In this study, using a morphological and molecular approach, I described a new parasitic fungal species, Gibellula minensis sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Ascomycota), from the Atlantic Forest, and evaluated the prevalence of parasitism and host selection in populations of the spider Iguarima censoria. In addition, I investigated whether G. minensis sp. nov. induces parasitized spiders to die in higher and/or more illuminated locations, conditions that could favor fungal dispersal and development. Finally, I evaluated whether the death pattern, in which cadavers are affixed to the abaxial leaf surface, plays a significant role in preserving the conidiophores, the fungal structures that produce spores. I observed that I. censoria spiders parasitized by G. minensis sp. nov. tend to die at greater heights, though not in more illuminated sites. The attachment of cadavers to the abaxial leaf surface proved to confer strong protection, preventing the loss of conidiophore viability due to increased exposure to rain, wind, and desiccation. This finding indicates a direct benefit to the parasite associated with spatial displacement. Additionally, I found that the prevalence of parasitism in the population of I. censoria examined was 25% and was higher among spiders with smaller body size. This high infection rate in smaller spiders may be explained by specific morphological, immunological, and behavioral traits, such as a thinner and less sclerotized cuticle or more intensive foraging habits. In this context, my results support the view that spiders parasitized by species of the genus Gibellula are induced to move spatially before death and that attachment to the abaxial leaf surface confers clear benefits to the fungus, increasing its fitness. Keywords: parasite-host; extended phenotype; hypocreales; summit disease
Araneopathogenic fungi of the genus Gibellula are commonly observed on spider cadavers affixed to the abaxial surface of leaves, at varying heights within the forest understory. Although there is evidence that spiders infected by these fungi change position before death, detailed studies are lacking to demonstrate behavioral manipulation via spatial displacement. In this study, using a morphological and molecular approach, I described a new parasitic fungal species, Gibellula minensis sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Ascomycota), from the Atlantic Forest, and evaluated the prevalence of parasitism and host selection in populations of the spider Iguarima censoria. In addition, I investigated whether G. minensis sp. nov. induces parasitized spiders to die in higher and/or more illuminated locations, conditions that could favor fungal dispersal and development. Finally, I evaluated whether the death pattern, in which cadavers are affixed to the abaxial leaf surface, plays a significant role in preserving the conidiophores, the fungal structures that produce spores. I observed that I. censoria spiders parasitized by G. minensis sp. nov. tend to die at greater heights, though not in more illuminated sites. The attachment of cadavers to the abaxial leaf surface proved to confer strong protection, preventing the loss of conidiophore viability due to increased exposure to rain, wind, and desiccation. This finding indicates a direct benefit to the parasite associated with spatial displacement. Additionally, I found that the prevalence of parasitism in the population of I. censoria examined was 25% and was higher among spiders with smaller body size. This high infection rate in smaller spiders may be explained by specific morphological, immunological, and behavioral traits, such as a thinner and less sclerotized cuticle or more intensive foraging habits. In this context, my results support the view that spiders parasitized by species of the genus Gibellula are induced to move spatially before death and that attachment to the abaxial leaf surface confers clear benefits to the fungus, increasing its fitness. Keywords: parasite-host; extended phenotype; hypocreales; summit disease
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SANTOS, Aline dos. Summit disease como estratégia de manipulação comportamental em Iguarima censoria (Araneae, Anyphaenidae) induzida por uma nova espécie de Gibellula (Hypocreales, Ascomycota). 2025. 87 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
