Externalidades do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a violência doméstica contra a mulher no Brasil
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2014-02-06
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Dados da Organização das Nações Unidas ONU revelam que 34% das mulheres brasileiras declararam ter sofrido algum tipo de violência física doméstica cometida pelo parceiro com o qual elas vivem, no ano de 2010. A violência contra as mulheres é responsável pelo aumento da probabilidade de desemprego, perdas salariais e piora no estado de saúde, implicando custos diretos e indiretos à vítima, à família e à sociedade. No que tange à relação entre incremento da renda feminina e incidência da violência doméstica contra a mulher, tal tema ainda é ambíguo na literatura da economia do bem-estar, uma vez que não existe uma resposta teórica conclusiva para essa questão. No Brasil, uma importante política pública capaz de elevar a renda da mulher e da família é o Programa Bolsa Família PBF. Nesse sentido, dadas as negativas consequências da violência doméstica e a importância de tal política pública com relação à melhora de vida das famílias, procurou-se analisar como o benefício do PBF é capaz de exercer influência sobre a violência contra as mulheres no âmbito doméstico. Utilizou-se a estratégia de avaliação do impacto do PBF sobre a incidência de violência doméstica ao comparar os resultados dos participantes do programa (grupo de tratamento) com os de um grupo de comparação que não participam do programa, mas que possuem características semelhantes ou muito próximas às daqueles que participam (grupo de controle). Para tal fim, utilizou-se metodologia do propensity Score. Após esta etapa, estimou-se o Efeito de Tratamento Médio sobre o Tratado por meio do método de kernel matching. Os dados utilizados são da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios PNAD (2009), juntamente com o suplemento referente às características da vitimização e do acesso à justiça no Brasil. Contrariamente à hipótese do presente estudo, os resultados estimados indicam que o PBF possui efeito de aumentar a violência doméstica contra a mulher cometida pelo cônjuge ou ex-cônjuge, prejudicando o empoderamento e a autonomia das mulheres. Ademais, a concessão do benefício do PBF implica maior incidência da violência doméstica principalmente nas famílias com elevado grau de vulnerabilidade econômica. Uma vez que o principal objetivo do PBF consiste em eliminar o ciclo intergeracional da pobreza, o presente estudo encontrou evidencias do não cumprimento de tal finalidade, quando se considera o período de sete anos após a implementação do programa. Ademais, reconhece-se que não apenas o PBF é capaz de alterar a violência doméstica, existindo outros fatores socioeconômicos capazes de influenciar tal fenômeno. Desse modo, mulheres jovens beneficiárias do PBF, com baixa escolaridade, que não residem no seu Estado de origem e pertencentes a famílias com maior número de filhos do sexo feminino, possuem maior probabilidade de sofrerem violência física do cônjuge ou ex-cônjuge. Uma vez que os recursos públicos são limitados, acredita-se que esforços dos órgãos governamentais devem ser direcionados a combater tal fenômeno entre famílias beneficiárias e que possuem tais características. Além disso, uma sugestão para a política pública seria a expansão da condicionalidade da saúde para a mulher no domicílio através de políticas educativas, como o acompanhamento da situação intrafamiliar por meio da assistência social do Serviço de Proteção e Atendimento Integral à Família PAIF.
Data from the United Nations - UN reveal that 34 % of Brazilian women reported having experienced some form of domestic physical violence by a partner who they live with in 2010. Violence against women is responsible for the increase in the probability of unemployment, wage losses and deterioration in health status, implying to the victim, to her family and to society direct and indirect costs. Regarding the relationship between increased female income and incidence of domestic violence against them, such topic is still ambiguous in the literature of welfare economics and there is no conclusive answer to this theoretical question. In Brazil, an important public policy capable of raising the income of the woman and her family is the Bolsa Família Program (BFP). Thus, given the negative consequences of domestic violence and the importance of such public policy with respect to the improvement of families life conditions, it was attempted to analyze how the benefit of BFP is able to influence on violence against women in the domestic sphere. It was used the strategy of evaluating the impact of BFP on the incidence of domestic violence when comparing the results for the program participants (treatment group) to a non-program participants that have similar characteristics to the program participants (treatment group). For this purpose, it was used the methodology of the Propensity Score. After this step, it was estimated the Mean Treatment Effect by the method of kernel Matching. The data used are from the National Survey by Household Sample NSHS 2009, along with the supplement related to the characteristics of victimization and access to justice in Brazil. Contrary to the hypothesis of this study, the estimated results indicate that the BFP has the effect of increasing domestic violence against women committed by their spouse or ex - spouse, undermining the empowerment and autonomy of women. Furthermore, granting the benefit of the BFP implies higher incidence of domestic violence especially in families with a high level of economic vulnerability. Since the main objective of BFP is to eliminate the intergenerational cycle of poverty, this study has found evidence of noncompliance of this purpose when considering the seven years period after the program implementation. Furthermore, it is recognized that not only the BFP is able to change the domestic violence and that there are other socioeconomic factors influencing this phenomenon. Thereby, benefiting young women of BFP with low education level, not residing in their state of origin and that belong to families with high quantity of female children, are more likely to suffer physical abuse of a spouse or ex- spouse. Since public resources are limited, it is believed that governmental agencies efforts should be directed to combat this phenomenon among beneficiary households that have such characteristics. Also, a suggestion for public policy is the expansion of conditionality of health for women at home through educational policies such as interfamilial monitoring through social assistance of Protection and Integral Care of Family Service (PICFS).
Data from the United Nations - UN reveal that 34 % of Brazilian women reported having experienced some form of domestic physical violence by a partner who they live with in 2010. Violence against women is responsible for the increase in the probability of unemployment, wage losses and deterioration in health status, implying to the victim, to her family and to society direct and indirect costs. Regarding the relationship between increased female income and incidence of domestic violence against them, such topic is still ambiguous in the literature of welfare economics and there is no conclusive answer to this theoretical question. In Brazil, an important public policy capable of raising the income of the woman and her family is the Bolsa Família Program (BFP). Thus, given the negative consequences of domestic violence and the importance of such public policy with respect to the improvement of families life conditions, it was attempted to analyze how the benefit of BFP is able to influence on violence against women in the domestic sphere. It was used the strategy of evaluating the impact of BFP on the incidence of domestic violence when comparing the results for the program participants (treatment group) to a non-program participants that have similar characteristics to the program participants (treatment group). For this purpose, it was used the methodology of the Propensity Score. After this step, it was estimated the Mean Treatment Effect by the method of kernel Matching. The data used are from the National Survey by Household Sample NSHS 2009, along with the supplement related to the characteristics of victimization and access to justice in Brazil. Contrary to the hypothesis of this study, the estimated results indicate that the BFP has the effect of increasing domestic violence against women committed by their spouse or ex - spouse, undermining the empowerment and autonomy of women. Furthermore, granting the benefit of the BFP implies higher incidence of domestic violence especially in families with a high level of economic vulnerability. Since the main objective of BFP is to eliminate the intergenerational cycle of poverty, this study has found evidence of noncompliance of this purpose when considering the seven years period after the program implementation. Furthermore, it is recognized that not only the BFP is able to change the domestic violence and that there are other socioeconomic factors influencing this phenomenon. Thereby, benefiting young women of BFP with low education level, not residing in their state of origin and that belong to families with high quantity of female children, are more likely to suffer physical abuse of a spouse or ex- spouse. Since public resources are limited, it is believed that governmental agencies efforts should be directed to combat this phenomenon among beneficiary households that have such characteristics. Also, a suggestion for public policy is the expansion of conditionality of health for women at home through educational policies such as interfamilial monitoring through social assistance of Protection and Integral Care of Family Service (PICFS).
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Avaliação de políticas públicas, Programa bolsa família, Violência doméstica contra a mulher, Evaluation of public policies, Bolsa família program, Domestic violence against women
Citação
MOREIRA, Gustavo Carvalho. Externalities of Bolsa Família Program on domestic violence against women in Brazil. 2014. 95 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Economia e Gerenciamento do Agronegócio; Economia das Relações Internacionais; Economia dos Recursos) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2014.