Diversidade, uso e características funcionais de espécies arbóreas em sistemas agroflorestais
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A Floresta Atlântica é considerada um dos “hotspot” de biodiversidade do planeta, por apresentar alta diversidade e ao mesmo tempo estar muito ameaçada devido as atividades antrópicas. Seus remanescentes de florestas encontram-se envoltos por uma matriz agrícola em monocultivos que não contribuem para a preservação dos fragmentos florestais. Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) biodiversos se apresentam como alternativa à essa matriz, pois podem funcionar como fonte de sementes para regenerar a paisagem, prover alimento e habitat para vida selvagem, melhorar o microclima, ao mesmo tempo produzir alimentos e gerar renda para as famílias agricultoras. Uma matriz biodiversa, como nos SAFs, pode imitar os ecossistemas naturais e contribuir para conectar e conservar os fragmentos florestais. Entretanto, nos SAFs os agricultores utilizarão espécies arbóreas com funções conhecidas. Muitas destas funções são conhecidas por eles, pois trabalham diariamente com a natureza e dependem da biodiversidade para sobreviver. Este conhecimento é fundamental para a implementação de SAFs que respeitem as caraterísticas ambientais e sociais locais. Para desempenhar as funções, as espécies arbóreas consorciadas interagem ecologicamente abaixo e acima do solo. O sistema radicular das árvores impacta as Interações entre as plantas e as funções ecossistêmicas. A arquitetura radicular é uma característica importante dos sistemas radiculares e junto com as associações com microrganismos, a exemplo dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), influenciam a capacidade da planta de acessar água e nutrientes. A pesquisa objetivou analisar a similaridade entre a diversidade de árvores presentes em fragmentos florestais e em sistemas agroflorestais, as funções reconhecidas pelos agricultores das árvores presentes nos SAFs e as características das raízes e o potencial ecológico de árvores consorciadas nos SAFs. Avaliamos a diversidade de árvores (riqueza de espécies, índice de Shannon e Simpson) nos sistemas agroflorestais (cafezal e pastagem) nas propriedades da agricultura familiar e comparamos com áreas de floresta utilizando curva de rarefação (números de Hill); realizou-se inventário florestal nos sistemas agroflorestais com café e pastagem e entrevistas com as famílias agricultoras e identificou-se as funções das árvores através de pesquisa etnobotânica. A riqueza de espécies dos sistemas agroflorestais foi similar a floresta de sucessão intermediária (40 e 50 anos) e a diversidade baseada nos índices de Shannon e Simpson, foi semelhante à floresta no início da sucessão (5 e 25; 5 e 10 anos, respectivamente). De acordo com os agricultores, houve 15 diferentes funções para as árvores consorciadas nos SAFs (cafezal e pastagem). A função das árvores diferem entre os SAFs. As cinco funções mais citadas no cafezal foi alimentação humana, cobertura do solo, sombra para plantas de café, atração de fauna e lenha. Na pasta foi, atração de fauna, sombra para pastagem, embelezamento, estaca e lenha. A atração de insetos benéficos foi uma função identificada apenas em SAF com café, enquanto a função sombra para a criação foi mencionada somente na pastagem. Houve uma alta relação linear entre a diversidade de funções das árvores e diversidade de espécies, indicando que o conhecimento dos agricultores sobre a função das espécies podem contribuir para a implementação dos SAF`s mais diversos. Os SAFs utilizados pelas famílias agricultoras são importantes para manter a diversidade de árvores nas propriedades e o nível de paisagem, visto que apresenta riqueza de espécies semelhantes a uma floresta no meio (40 e 50 anos) da sucessão ecológica. A união entre o etnoconhecimento com estudo de características ecológicas das espécies permitidas a identificação de espécies arbóreas boas para o consórcio em sistemas agroflorestais. Características funcionais das espécies Miconia cinnamomifolia, Senna macranthera, Solanum pseudoquina, Zeyheria tuberculosa foram avaliadas utilizando rhizobox contendo substrato com inóculos de fungos micorrizicos arbusculares (FMA). O delineamento do experimento foi inteiramente casualizado em fatorial de 4x2, com quatro espécies e dois tratamentos de inoculação (inoculado e não inoculado com FMA). Números de esporos, colonização radicular, arquitetura de raiz, comprimento específico de raiz, comprimento de raiz: volume de solo, peso seco de raiz, peso seco de raiz : peso seco da parte aérea, comprimento específico de raiz, altura da parte aérea e peso seco da parte aérea foram analisados utilizando ANOVA, teste t, e Análise dos Componentes Principais. No geral S. macranthera e Z. tuberculosa foram colonizadas por FMA e estratégia conservadora de desenvolvimento. S. pseudoquina também foi colonizada e apresentada estratégia aquisitiva de desenvolvimento. M. cinnamomifolia não apresentou colonização nas raízes e apresentou estratégias aquisitivas e conservadoras dependendo do parâmetro analisado. Z. tuberculosa, S. macranthera e S. pseudoquina raiz raiz pivotante, na qual as raízes secundárias derivadas da principal; M. cinnamomifolia apresentou raiz fasciculada, com sistema radicular formado por diversos eixos, sem apresentar uma raiz principal. Os resultados confirmaram as informações indicadas por agricultores em outros trabalhos de que S. macranthera e Z. tuberculosa são compatíveis para o consórcio com cafézal e pastagem. S. pseudoquina apresentou características mais apropriadas para ser consorciada com pastagem, porém as árvores precisam ser protegidas do gado, já que os animais, segundo os agricultores, se alimentam de sua casca. O maior conhecimento das funções e das características ecológicas as espécies arbóreas podem contribuir nos processos decisórios sobre quais árvores consorciadas com SAFs. Ó rizobox permitiu a avaliação rápida do sistema radicular das espécies arbóreas. Estudos mais aprofundados precisam ser desenvolvidos para melhor análise das características da M. cinamomo. Palavras-chave: Agricultura familiar. Funções de espécies arbóreas. Árvores nativas. Características ecológicas. Etnoconhecimento.
The Atlantic Forest is considered one of the “hotspots” of the planet's biodiversity, due to its high diverse and threaten diversity of plant and animal species. The forest reminescents are sorrounded by a monocultural agricultural matrix that does not contribute to the preservation of the forest fragments. Diversified Agroforestry Systems (SAFs) are an alternative to Increase the sustainabihty of the agricultural matrix, as they can function as a source of seeds to regenerate the landscape, provide food and habitat for wildlife, improve the microclimate and, at the same time, produce food and generate income for local farmers. A biodiverse matrix that includes SAFs, can also contribute to connect and conserve forest fragments, as they imitate the natural ecosystems. However, in the SAFs, farmers will use species with known functions. Several of those functions are known by farmers since they work on a daily basis in interaction with nature and depend on the biodiversity to survive. Understanding farmer”s knowledge as, therefore, key to implemente systems that respect the environmental and social local characteristics. The impact of trees on ecosystem functioning 1s influenced by multiple interactions that occur above and belowground. Root traits of tree species, including the presence ofmicrorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA), will influence the ability of trees to access water and nutrient. This research aimed to analyze the similarity between the diversity of trees present m forest fragments and m agroforestry systems, the functions of intercropped trees recognized by farmers, the relationship between farmer”s knowledge and tree diversity, and the characteristics of the roots and the ecological potential of intercropped trees n the SAFs. We evaluated the diversity of trees (species richness, Shannon, and Simpson index) in agroforestry systems (coffee and pasture) in family farms and compared them to forest areas using a rarefaction curve (Hill numbers); a forest inventory was carried out mn the agroforestry systems with coffee and pasture and farming families were intervwied and; we evaluated the function of trees through ethnobotanical survey. The species richness of the agroforestry systems was similar to the forest in the middle of the succession (40 and 50 years), while the diversity based on the Shannon and Simpson indexes was similar to the forest in the beginning of the succession (5 and 25; 5 and 10 years, respectively). According to the farmers, there were 15 different functions performed by intercropped trees mm the SAFs (coffee and pasture). The function of the trees differed between the SAFs. The five most-cited functions m the coffee plantation were food production, soil cover, shade for coffee plants, attraction of fauna, and firewood. In the pasture, the mam functions were fauna attraction, shade for the animals, aesthetic, wood for local use, and firewood. The attraction of beneficial insects was indentified only mm the coffee systems and shade for cattle only mm the pasture systems. There was a high linear relationship between the diversity of tree functions recognised by farmers and species diversity in the field. We suggest that SAFs used by family farmers are important to maintam the diversity of trees at farm and landscape level, since they show similar species richness compared to the forest m the middle of the ecological succession. The articulation between ethno-knowledge with the study of ecological characteristics of the species allowed the identification of tree species that have a high potential to be intercropped m agroforestry systems. Functional traits of the species Miconia cinnamomifolia, Senna macranthera, Solanum pseudoquina, Zeyheria tuberculosa were evaluated using rhizobox method contaming substrate with moculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The design of the experiment was completely randomized m a 4x2 factorial, with four species and two imoculation treatments (snoculated and not moculated with AMF). Ten root traits, spore numbers, root colonization, root architecture, specific root length, root length: soil volume, root dry, root dry mass : shoot dry mass, specific root length, shoot height, and shoot dry mass, were analyzed usmng ANOVA, t-test, and Principal Component Analysis. In general, S. macranthera and Z. tuberculosa were colonized by AMF and presented a conservative development strategy. S. pseudoquina was also colonized and presented an acquisition development strategy. M. cinnamomifolia did not present colonization 1n the roots and presented acquisitive or conservative strategies depending on the analyzed parameter. Z. tuberculosa, S. macranthera and S. pseudoquina presented tap roots, with secondary roots derived from the main root; M. cinnamomifolia presented a fibrous root, with the root system formed by several axes, without presenting a main root. Our results confirmed the information given by the famers in other studies that S. macranthera and Z. tuberculosa are compatible to be intercropped with coffee and pasture systems because of the root traits and growth parameters. S. pseudoquina showed more appropriate characteristics to be intercropped with pasture because of the root's architecture, however, the trees need to be protected, as the catle, according to the farmes, feed on the bark of the trees. More knowledge on the functions and ecological characteristics of tree species can contribute to the selection of apropriate trees to be used 1n agroforestry systems. The rhyzobox allowed the quick evaluation of the architecture of the radicular systems of the trees. More studies need to be done to better analyse the characteristics of M. cinnamomifolia. Keywords: Family farmer. Functions of trees. Native trees. Ecological traits. Ethnoknowledge.
The Atlantic Forest is considered one of the “hotspots” of the planet's biodiversity, due to its high diverse and threaten diversity of plant and animal species. The forest reminescents are sorrounded by a monocultural agricultural matrix that does not contribute to the preservation of the forest fragments. Diversified Agroforestry Systems (SAFs) are an alternative to Increase the sustainabihty of the agricultural matrix, as they can function as a source of seeds to regenerate the landscape, provide food and habitat for wildlife, improve the microclimate and, at the same time, produce food and generate income for local farmers. A biodiverse matrix that includes SAFs, can also contribute to connect and conserve forest fragments, as they imitate the natural ecosystems. However, in the SAFs, farmers will use species with known functions. Several of those functions are known by farmers since they work on a daily basis in interaction with nature and depend on the biodiversity to survive. Understanding farmer”s knowledge as, therefore, key to implemente systems that respect the environmental and social local characteristics. The impact of trees on ecosystem functioning 1s influenced by multiple interactions that occur above and belowground. Root traits of tree species, including the presence ofmicrorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA), will influence the ability of trees to access water and nutrient. This research aimed to analyze the similarity between the diversity of trees present m forest fragments and m agroforestry systems, the functions of intercropped trees recognized by farmers, the relationship between farmer”s knowledge and tree diversity, and the characteristics of the roots and the ecological potential of intercropped trees n the SAFs. We evaluated the diversity of trees (species richness, Shannon, and Simpson index) in agroforestry systems (coffee and pasture) in family farms and compared them to forest areas using a rarefaction curve (Hill numbers); a forest inventory was carried out mn the agroforestry systems with coffee and pasture and farming families were intervwied and; we evaluated the function of trees through ethnobotanical survey. The species richness of the agroforestry systems was similar to the forest in the middle of the succession (40 and 50 years), while the diversity based on the Shannon and Simpson indexes was similar to the forest in the beginning of the succession (5 and 25; 5 and 10 years, respectively). According to the farmers, there were 15 different functions performed by intercropped trees mm the SAFs (coffee and pasture). The function of the trees differed between the SAFs. The five most-cited functions m the coffee plantation were food production, soil cover, shade for coffee plants, attraction of fauna, and firewood. In the pasture, the mam functions were fauna attraction, shade for the animals, aesthetic, wood for local use, and firewood. The attraction of beneficial insects was indentified only mm the coffee systems and shade for cattle only mm the pasture systems. There was a high linear relationship between the diversity of tree functions recognised by farmers and species diversity in the field. We suggest that SAFs used by family farmers are important to maintam the diversity of trees at farm and landscape level, since they show similar species richness compared to the forest m the middle of the ecological succession. The articulation between ethno-knowledge with the study of ecological characteristics of the species allowed the identification of tree species that have a high potential to be intercropped m agroforestry systems. Functional traits of the species Miconia cinnamomifolia, Senna macranthera, Solanum pseudoquina, Zeyheria tuberculosa were evaluated using rhizobox method contaming substrate with moculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The design of the experiment was completely randomized m a 4x2 factorial, with four species and two imoculation treatments (snoculated and not moculated with AMF). Ten root traits, spore numbers, root colonization, root architecture, specific root length, root length: soil volume, root dry, root dry mass : shoot dry mass, specific root length, shoot height, and shoot dry mass, were analyzed usmng ANOVA, t-test, and Principal Component Analysis. In general, S. macranthera and Z. tuberculosa were colonized by AMF and presented a conservative development strategy. S. pseudoquina was also colonized and presented an acquisition development strategy. M. cinnamomifolia did not present colonization 1n the roots and presented acquisitive or conservative strategies depending on the analyzed parameter. Z. tuberculosa, S. macranthera and S. pseudoquina presented tap roots, with secondary roots derived from the main root; M. cinnamomifolia presented a fibrous root, with the root system formed by several axes, without presenting a main root. Our results confirmed the information given by the famers in other studies that S. macranthera and Z. tuberculosa are compatible to be intercropped with coffee and pasture systems because of the root traits and growth parameters. S. pseudoquina showed more appropriate characteristics to be intercropped with pasture because of the root's architecture, however, the trees need to be protected, as the catle, according to the farmes, feed on the bark of the trees. More knowledge on the functions and ecological characteristics of tree species can contribute to the selection of apropriate trees to be used 1n agroforestry systems. The rhyzobox allowed the quick evaluation of the architecture of the radicular systems of the trees. More studies need to be done to better analyse the characteristics of M. cinnamomifolia. Keywords: Family farmer. Functions of trees. Native trees. Ecological traits. Ethnoknowledge.
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SILVA, Arthur da Cruz. Diversidade, uso e características funcionais de espécies arbóreas em sistemas agroflorestais. 2020. 89 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.