Da dispersão de sementes ao estabelecimento de plantas: como a fauna modula a regeneração natural de florestas tropicais degradadas?
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Distúrbios antrópicos degradam florestas tropicais e causam a perda de biodiversidade e serviços ecossistêmicos essenciais para o bem-estar humano. A proporção de florestas degradadas na Amazônia tem aumentado nos últimos anos e há perspectivas de crescimento para as próximas décadas. Assim, o controle da degradação florestal e a regeneração de florestas degradadas se tornam essenciais. A regeneração natural é uma maneira eficiente e barata de se recuperar florestas degradadas. Porém, distúrbios antrópicos impõem filtros ecológicos que inibem a regeneração natural, como a limitação da dispersão de sementes e a limitação no estabelecimento de plantas. A fauna é fundamental para atenuar tais filtros, dispersando sementes, predando insetos herbívoros e melhorando a saúde do solo. No entanto, a fauna também limita a regeneração natural por meio da predação de sementes pós-dispersão. Nesta tese, investiguei funções ecossistêmicas desempenhadas pela fauna e relevantes para a regeneração natural de florestas em dois capítulos. No primeiro, quantifiquei a contribuição de antas, importantes dispersoras de sementes, para a regeneração de florestas que sofrem impactos crônicos de incêndios florestais e vizinhas de plantações de soja. Também quantifiquei os mecanismos subsequentes à dispersão realizada pelas antas e que podem contribuir para a regeneração, como a dispersão secundária e a predação de sementes, e a modulação da saúde do solo abaixo das fezes. A disponibilidade de soja no entorno da área de estudos foi determinante para o papel das antas como dispersoras de sementes. Durante a época de soja, as antas se alimentaram deste recurso e não foram encontradas sementes nativas em suas fezes, o que inibiu a regeneração de plantas por meio da dispersão de sementes. No entanto, observei maior biomassa microbiana, proporção de fungos e fósforo disponível no solo abaixo das fezes de antas. Na ausência de soja da paisagem, o consumo de frutos e sementes nativas pelas antas resultou no recrutamento de 33 plântulas, que podem ser extrapoladas para 223 plântulas por ano em florestas degradadas. Os papéis das antas não diferiram entre florestas degradadas e florestas intactas. No segundo capítulo, investiguei por que há menor riqueza de plantas em florestas ripárias circundadas por plantações, quantificando a frugivoria, a predação de sementes pós- dispersão e a predação de insetos herbívoros em comparação com florestas ripárias sem distúrbios. As florestas ripárias degradadas apresentaram apenas a frugivoria por aves menor do que em florestas ripárias não degradadas. Isso sugere que a menor riqueza de plantas nessas florestas pode ser atribuída a limitações de dispersão, já que filtros de estabelecimento, como a predação de sementes e de insetos herbívoros, não diferiram entre os tipos de floresta. Assim, as antas desempenham um papel crucial na promoção da regeneração, mas sua eficácia é dependente da presença de plantações no entorno. Já a diminuição da frugivoria por aves em florestas circundadas por plantações aponta para a limitação de sementes como um filtro ecológico chave. Portanto, de maneira geral, as funções ecossistêmicas foram pouco sensíveis aos distúrbios antrópicos, o que reforça o papel da fauna como aliada importante para a regeneração natural de florestas degradadas. Palavras-chave: ecologia do distúrbio; distúrbios florestais; funções ecossistêmicas; regeneração natural; dispersão de sementes; predação de sementes; herbivoria; ecologia do solo.
Anthropogenic disturbances degrade tropical forests, causing biodiversity loss and essential ecosystem services vital for human well-being. The proportion of degraded forests in the Amazon has increased in recent years, with projections for continued growth in the coming decades. Thus, controlling forest degradation and regenerating degraded forests becomes essential. Natural regeneration is an efficient and inexpensive way to recover degraded forests. However, anthropogenic disturbances impose ecological filters that inhibit natural regeneration, such as limitations in seed dispersal and plant establishment. Fauna is fundamental to mitigating such filters by dispersing seeds, preying on herbivorous insects, and improving soil health. Nevertheless, fauna also limit natural regeneration through post-dispersal seed predation. In this thesis, I investigated ecosystem functions performed by fauna that are relevant to the natural regeneration of forests across two chapters. In the first, I quantified the contribution of tapirs, important seed dispersers, to the regeneration of forests suffering chronic impacts from wildfires and adjacent to soybean croplands. I also quantified the mechanisms subsequent to tapir-mediated dispersal that can contribute to regeneration, such as secondary dispersal and seed predation, and the modulation of soil health beneath their feces. The availability of soybeans in the study area's surroundings was determinant for the tapirs' role as seed dispersers. During the soybean season, tapirs fed on this resource, and no native seeds were found in their feces, which inhibited plant regeneration through seed dispersal. However, I observed increased microbial biomass, fungal proportion, and available phosphorus in the soil beneath tapir feces. In the absence of soybeans from the landscape, the consumption of native fruits and seeds by tapirs resulted in the recruitment of 33 seedlings, which can be extrapolated to 223 seedlings per year in degraded forests. The roles of tapirs did not differ between degraded and intact forests. In the second chapter, I investigated why there is lower plant richness in riparian forests surrounded by croplands, quantifying frugivory, post-dispersal seed predation, and herbivorous insect predation in comparison to undisturbed riparian forests. Degraded riparian forests exhibited only lower bird frugivory than undisturbed riparian forests. This suggests that the lower plant richness in these forests can be attributed to dispersal limitations, as establishment filters, such as seed predation and herbivorous insect predation, did not differ between forest types. Thus, tapirs play a crucial role in promoting regeneration, but their effectiveness depends on the presence of croplands in the surroundings. Meanwhile, the decrease in bird frugivory in forests surrounded by croplands points to seed limitation as a key ecological filter. Therefore, overall, ecosystem functions were not very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances, which reinforces the role of fauna as an important ally for the natural regeneration of degraded forests. Keywords: disturbance ecology; forest disturbances; ecosystems functions; natural regeneration; seed dispersal; seed predation; herbivory; soil ecology.
Anthropogenic disturbances degrade tropical forests, causing biodiversity loss and essential ecosystem services vital for human well-being. The proportion of degraded forests in the Amazon has increased in recent years, with projections for continued growth in the coming decades. Thus, controlling forest degradation and regenerating degraded forests becomes essential. Natural regeneration is an efficient and inexpensive way to recover degraded forests. However, anthropogenic disturbances impose ecological filters that inhibit natural regeneration, such as limitations in seed dispersal and plant establishment. Fauna is fundamental to mitigating such filters by dispersing seeds, preying on herbivorous insects, and improving soil health. Nevertheless, fauna also limit natural regeneration through post-dispersal seed predation. In this thesis, I investigated ecosystem functions performed by fauna that are relevant to the natural regeneration of forests across two chapters. In the first, I quantified the contribution of tapirs, important seed dispersers, to the regeneration of forests suffering chronic impacts from wildfires and adjacent to soybean croplands. I also quantified the mechanisms subsequent to tapir-mediated dispersal that can contribute to regeneration, such as secondary dispersal and seed predation, and the modulation of soil health beneath their feces. The availability of soybeans in the study area's surroundings was determinant for the tapirs' role as seed dispersers. During the soybean season, tapirs fed on this resource, and no native seeds were found in their feces, which inhibited plant regeneration through seed dispersal. However, I observed increased microbial biomass, fungal proportion, and available phosphorus in the soil beneath tapir feces. In the absence of soybeans from the landscape, the consumption of native fruits and seeds by tapirs resulted in the recruitment of 33 seedlings, which can be extrapolated to 223 seedlings per year in degraded forests. The roles of tapirs did not differ between degraded and intact forests. In the second chapter, I investigated why there is lower plant richness in riparian forests surrounded by croplands, quantifying frugivory, post-dispersal seed predation, and herbivorous insect predation in comparison to undisturbed riparian forests. Degraded riparian forests exhibited only lower bird frugivory than undisturbed riparian forests. This suggests that the lower plant richness in these forests can be attributed to dispersal limitations, as establishment filters, such as seed predation and herbivorous insect predation, did not differ between forest types. Thus, tapirs play a crucial role in promoting regeneration, but their effectiveness depends on the presence of croplands in the surroundings. Meanwhile, the decrease in bird frugivory in forests surrounded by croplands points to seed limitation as a key ecological filter. Therefore, overall, ecosystem functions were not very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances, which reinforces the role of fauna as an important ally for the natural regeneration of degraded forests. Keywords: disturbance ecology; forest disturbances; ecosystems functions; natural regeneration; seed dispersal; seed predation; herbivory; soil ecology.
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FALCON, José Eduardo Teixeira. Da dispersão de sementes ao estabelecimento de plantas: como a fauna modula a regeneração natural de florestas tropicais degradadas? 2025. 97 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
