A contrarreforma do novo ensino médio e o ensino de biologia em uma escola da rede federal do leste de Minas Gerais
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A dissertação analisa criticamente a contrarreforma do Ensino Médio, instituída pela Lei nº 13.415/2017, e seus impactos no ensino de Biologia em uma escola da Rede Federal no leste de Minas Gerais. Desenvolvida a partir do método materialista histórico-dialético e estruturada em três artigos, a pesquisa articula uma análise histórica, política e empírica para compreender como o Ensino Médio brasileiro se constituiu historicamente como um campo de disputa ideológica e como essa disputa se expressa na reforma recente. O primeiro artigo apresenta um panorama histórico da educação no Brasil, desde o período colonial até 2023, destacando a persistência da dualidade entre formação propedêutica para as elites e formação profissional para as classes populares. Ao recuperar contribuições de Saviani, Bittar, Souza e outros autores, evidencia que as reformas educacionais brasileiras, mesmo quando apresentadas como modernizadoras, geralmente atualizaram mecanismos de exclusão social. Nesse contexto, a criação dos Institutos Federais, em 2008, aparece como uma tentativa de romper essa tradição, ao articular ensino médio, técnico e superior em um modelo integrado e socialmente referenciado. O segundo artigo aprofunda a análise política da contrarreforma do Ensino Médio em meio ao ciclo de austeridade inaugurado pela Emenda Constitucional nº 95/2016. Discute como a reforma se insere em um projeto mais amplo de ajuste fiscal e mercantilização da educação, favorecendo interesses privados e fragilizando redes públicas, inclusive os Institutos Federais. Examina-se o esvaziamento curricular, a fragmentação dos itinerários formativos e a transferência de responsabilidades do Estado para instituições locais, mostrando como o modelo rompe com a concepção integrada defendida historicamente pelos IFs. Também se analisam contradições internas, resistências institucionais e disputas políticas na implementação da política, que não foi plenamente incorporada por vários campi da Rede Federal. O terceiro artigo apresenta os resultados empíricos da pesquisa realizada com professores de Biologia de uma unidade da Rede Federal. As entrevistas revelam que os docentes percebem a contrarreforma como uma ameaça à qualidade da formação científica, à carga horária mínima necessária para o ensino da Biologia e à autonomia pedagógica. Os participantes relatam pressões institucionais, contradições entre diretrizes nacionais e projeto pedagógico institucional, bem como ações de resistência, como a rejeição ao material didático imposto e a defesa de uma formação integral. As análises lexicais produzidas pelo IRaMuTeQ reforçam os núcleos semânticos associados à resistência, perda de autonomia e defesa do ensino integrado. Ao articular história, política e prática docente, a dissertação conclui que a contrarreforma do Ensino Médio aprofunda desigualdades e retoma a velha divisão entre formação ampla para poucos e formação pragmática para muitos. Embora os IFs representem uma alternativa institucional importante, eles enfrentam limites estruturais, como subfinanciamento, pressões gerenciais e disputas internas. A pesquisa demonstra que a resistência docente é um elemento central na preservação do caráter crítico, científico e humanizador do ensino de Biologia, e afirma que a defesa da escola pública só pode ser compreendida no marco mais amplo da luta social por justiça, igualdade e emancipação. Assim, o trabalho evidencia que a contrarreforma do Ensino Médio não é apenas uma política educacional isolada, mas parte de um projeto de sociedade que busca adaptar a educação às demandas imediatas do mercado, enfraquecendo sua função social emancipadora. Por outro lado, revela que a resistência praticada por professores, instituições e movimentos sociais é fundamental para preservar a educação pública como bem coletivo e como instrumento de transformação social. Palavras-chave: contrarreforma do ensino de médio; políticas educacionais; Materialismo Histórico-dialético; ensino de Biologia
This dissertation critically examines the high school counter-reform introduced by Law No. 13.415/2017 and its effects on the teaching of Biology in a Federal Network school in eastern Minas Gerais. Grounded in the historical-dialectical materialist method and organized into three interconnected articles, the study combines historical, political, and empirical perspectives to show how Brazilian high school education has long been a site of ideological dispute and how this dispute becomes evident in the recent reform. The first article offers a historical overview of Brazilian education from the colonial period to 2023, emphasizing the persistent duality between academic education for the elites and vocational training for the working classes. Drawing on authors such as Saviani, Bittar, and Souza, it demonstrates that reforms framed as “modernizing” often reproduced old mechanisms of exclusion. Within this context, the creation of the Federal Institutes in 2008 emerges as an attempt to challenge this tradition through an integrated model connecting secondary, technical, and higher education. The second article deepens the political analysis by situating the counter-reform within the austerity agenda initiated by Constitutional Amendment No. 95/2016. It argues that the reform aligns with a broader market- oriented project that weakens public education systems and favors private interests. Curriculum reduction, fragmentation of formative itineraries, and the transfer of state responsibilities to local institutions are examined as evidence of a rupture with the integrated model historically developed by the Federal Institutes. The article also highlights internal contradictions, institutional tensions, and political disputes that led many campuses to resist or partially block implementation. The third article presents empirical data from interviews with Biology teachers. They view the reform as a threat to scientific education, minimum instructional time, and pedagogical autonomy. They report institutional pressures, inconsistencies between national guidelines and the institutional pedagogical project, and concrete forms of resistance—such as refusing centrally imposed teaching materials and defending integrated education. Lexical analyses using IRaMuTeQ reinforce themes related to resistance, loss of autonomy, and the protection of scientific and comprehensive education. Bringing together historical analysis, political critique, and field data, the dissertation concludes that the counter-reform intensifies inequalities and reinstates the historical divide between broad humanistic education for a minority and narrow, labor-oriented training for the majority. Although the Federal Institutes represent a meaningful alternative, they face structural limits such as underfunding and managerial pressures. The study shows that teacher resistance is essential to preserving the critical and humanizing nature of Biology education and argues that the defense of public schooling is inseparable from broader struggles for social justice and emancipation. Ultimately, the dissertation demonstrates that the counter-reform is not an isolated policy but part of a wider project that adapts education to immediate market interests while weakening its emancipatory role. At the same time, the actions of teachers and institutions reveal the ongoing effort to defend public education as a collective right and a tool for social transformation. Keywords: high school counter-reform; educational policies; Historical-Dialectical Materialism; Biology Education
This dissertation critically examines the high school counter-reform introduced by Law No. 13.415/2017 and its effects on the teaching of Biology in a Federal Network school in eastern Minas Gerais. Grounded in the historical-dialectical materialist method and organized into three interconnected articles, the study combines historical, political, and empirical perspectives to show how Brazilian high school education has long been a site of ideological dispute and how this dispute becomes evident in the recent reform. The first article offers a historical overview of Brazilian education from the colonial period to 2023, emphasizing the persistent duality between academic education for the elites and vocational training for the working classes. Drawing on authors such as Saviani, Bittar, and Souza, it demonstrates that reforms framed as “modernizing” often reproduced old mechanisms of exclusion. Within this context, the creation of the Federal Institutes in 2008 emerges as an attempt to challenge this tradition through an integrated model connecting secondary, technical, and higher education. The second article deepens the political analysis by situating the counter-reform within the austerity agenda initiated by Constitutional Amendment No. 95/2016. It argues that the reform aligns with a broader market- oriented project that weakens public education systems and favors private interests. Curriculum reduction, fragmentation of formative itineraries, and the transfer of state responsibilities to local institutions are examined as evidence of a rupture with the integrated model historically developed by the Federal Institutes. The article also highlights internal contradictions, institutional tensions, and political disputes that led many campuses to resist or partially block implementation. The third article presents empirical data from interviews with Biology teachers. They view the reform as a threat to scientific education, minimum instructional time, and pedagogical autonomy. They report institutional pressures, inconsistencies between national guidelines and the institutional pedagogical project, and concrete forms of resistance—such as refusing centrally imposed teaching materials and defending integrated education. Lexical analyses using IRaMuTeQ reinforce themes related to resistance, loss of autonomy, and the protection of scientific and comprehensive education. Bringing together historical analysis, political critique, and field data, the dissertation concludes that the counter-reform intensifies inequalities and reinstates the historical divide between broad humanistic education for a minority and narrow, labor-oriented training for the majority. Although the Federal Institutes represent a meaningful alternative, they face structural limits such as underfunding and managerial pressures. The study shows that teacher resistance is essential to preserving the critical and humanizing nature of Biology education and argues that the defense of public schooling is inseparable from broader struggles for social justice and emancipation. Ultimately, the dissertation demonstrates that the counter-reform is not an isolated policy but part of a wider project that adapts education to immediate market interests while weakening its emancipatory role. At the same time, the actions of teachers and institutions reveal the ongoing effort to defend public education as a collective right and a tool for social transformation. Keywords: high school counter-reform; educational policies; Historical-Dialectical Materialism; Biology Education
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BATISTA, Gustavo Alexandre Alves. A contrarreforma do novo ensino médio e o ensino de biologia em uma escola da rede federal do leste de Minas Gerais. 2025. 116 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
