Qualidade da dieta, risco cardiometabólico e incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em indivíduos na atenção secundária em cardiologia: resultados do estudo DICA-BR
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2024-03-25
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) correspondem a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo. Diversos são os fatores de risco que levam às DCV, como o estilo de vida inadequado, destacando-se o hábito alimentar como importante fator de risco que pode e deve ser modificado. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito do Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor (DICA-Br) na qualidade da dieta e a relação desta com marcadores de risco cardiometabólico e incidência de DCV em indivíduos da atenção secundária em cardiologia. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo foi conduzido com dados da linha de base e após 12, 24, 36 e 48 meses do estudo de intervenção DICA-Br (RCT: NCT01620398). Um processo de randomização central foi realizado para alocar os participantes em dois grupos: intervenção (GI, que recebeu o protocolo do DICA-Br) ou controle (GC, que recebeu tratamento usual). Foram incluídos indivíduos com idade ≥45 anos de todas as regiões brasileiras e que apresentavam evidência atual ou nos últimos 10 anos de aterosclerose manifesta. Dados de consumo alimentar, sociodemográficos, comportamentais, antropométricos, clínicos, bem como os marcadores clássicos de risco cardiometabólico e desfechos cardiovasculares foram analisados. A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada por meio do cálculo do Índice Inflamatório da Dieta (IID), Capacidade Antioxidante total da Dieta (CATd), Índice de Dieta Baseada em Vegetais (PDI) saudáveis (hPDI) e não saudáveis (uPDI), e Índice de Alimentação saudável alternativo modificado (mAHEI). Resultados: Artigo 1 - Indivíduos do GI (n=1.077) apresentaram valores médios mais baixos para o IID e mais altos para a CATd, PDI, hPDI e mAHEI em relação aos indivíduos do GC (n=1.108) em todos os tempos. Os participantes apresentaram menores valores de IID e pontuações mais altas para hPDI, uPDI (48 meses vs. baseline), PDI e mAHEI (24 meses vs. baseline) independentemente do grupo. O GI apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao GC a partir de 12 meses para o IID e nos meses 12, 36 e 48 para o mAHEI. As análises dos artigos 2 e 3 foram realizadas com a amostra total (indivíduos do GI e GC avaliados conjuntamente). Artigo 2 - Os deltas (mudanças) do IID e da CATd se associaram positivamente e negativamente, respectivamente, com os deltas de parâmetros antropométricos como índice de massa corporal e relação cintura estatura (RCE) em mais de um período avaliado. Além disso, os deltas do PDI e hPDI foram inversamente associados com o delta de colesterol total e lipoproteína de baixa densidade (Δ 0-36m) e glicose em jejum (Δ 0-12m). O delta do uPDI foi positivamente associado com deltas de glicose em jejum (Δ 0-36m) e pressão arterial sistólica (Δ 0-24m), e o delta do mAHEI foi inversamente associado com o delta da RCE e concentração sérica de triglicerídeos (Δ 0-24m). Artigo 3 – Após 3 anos de acompanhamento (Δ 0-36m), mudanças no mAHEI foram associadas a uma menor incidência de DCV nos modelos bruto e ajustado. Conclusão: O protocolo do DICA-Br melhorou a qualidade da dieta e impactou positivamente os principais fatores de risco cardiometabólicos. Entretanto, associações entre a melhora da qualidade da dieta e a incidência de DCV só foram observadas após 36 meses de acompanhamento, o que sugere que as mudanças na dieta devem ser mantidas a longo prazo para que os possíveis efeitos sejam observados. Índices alimentares podem e devem ser utilizados para ajudar a elucidar o papel que a dieta desempenha na prevenção e no manejo das DCV. Palavras-chave: Índice inflamatório da dieta. Capacidade antioxidante total da dieta. Índice de dieta baseada em vegetais. Índice de alimentação saudável alternativo. Atenção secundária à saúde.
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Brazil and the world. Several risk factors, such as lifestyle, lead to CVD, with eating habits as an important modifiable risk factor. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial (BALANCE Program Trial) on diet quality and its relationship with cardiometabolic risk parameters and incidence of cardiovascular events in individuals in secondary care in cardiology. Methods: This prospective study was conducted with data from baseline and after 12, 24, 36, and 48 months from the multicenter BALANCE Program study (RCT: NCT01620398). A central randomization process was carried out to allocate participants into two groups: intervention (IG, which received the BALANCE protocol) or control (CG, which received the usual treatment). Individuals aged ≥45 from all Brazilian regions and with current evidence or in the last 10 years of manifest atherosclerosis were included. Food consumption, sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, clinical data, classic cardiometabolic risk markers, and cardiovascular outcomes were evaluated. Diet quality was assessed by calculating the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (dTAC), overall Plant-Based Diet Index (PDI), healthful Plant-Based Diet Index (hPDI), unhealthful Plant-Based Diet Index (uPDI), and modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (mAHEI). Results: Article 1 - Individuals in the IG (n=1,077) had lower mean values of DII, and higher dTAC, PDI, hPDI, and mAHEI compared to individuals from the CG (n=1,108) at all times. Participants had lower DII values and higher scores for hPDI, uPDI (48 months vs. baseline), PDI and mAHEI (24 months vs. baseline) regardless of the group. The IG showed better results than the control group after 12 months for the DII and at months 12, 36, and 48 for the mAHEI. The analyses of articles 2 and 3 were carried out with the total sample (intervention and control groups combined). Article 2 - The delta (changes) of DII and dTAC were positively and inversely associated, respectively, with the delta of risk factors related to anthropometric parameters such as body mass index and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in more than one period evaluated. Also, we found that the PDI and hPDI delta were inversely associated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ 0-36m), and fasting glucose (Δ 0-12m) deltas. The uPDI delta was positively associated with fasting glucose (Δ 0- 36m) and systolic blood pressure deltas (Δ 0-24m), and the mAHEI delta was inversely associated with the WHtR and serum concentration of triglycerides deltas (Δ 0-24m). Article 3 – After 3 years of follow-up (Δ 0-36m), changes in mAHEI were associated with a lower incidence of CVD in both crude and adjusted models. We did not observe any association between changes in the other indices evaluated and the outcomes. Conclusion: The BALANCE Program improved diet quality and impacted the improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors. However, associations between improved diet quality and the incidence of CVD were only observed after 36 months of follow-up, which suggests that dietary changes must be maintained in the long term for possible effects to be observed. Dietary indices can and should be used to help elucidate the role that diet plays in the prevention and management of CVD. Keywords: Dietary inflammatory index. Dietary total antioxidant capacity. Plant-based diet index. Alternative healthy eating index. Secondary health care.
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Brazil and the world. Several risk factors, such as lifestyle, lead to CVD, with eating habits as an important modifiable risk factor. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial (BALANCE Program Trial) on diet quality and its relationship with cardiometabolic risk parameters and incidence of cardiovascular events in individuals in secondary care in cardiology. Methods: This prospective study was conducted with data from baseline and after 12, 24, 36, and 48 months from the multicenter BALANCE Program study (RCT: NCT01620398). A central randomization process was carried out to allocate participants into two groups: intervention (IG, which received the BALANCE protocol) or control (CG, which received the usual treatment). Individuals aged ≥45 from all Brazilian regions and with current evidence or in the last 10 years of manifest atherosclerosis were included. Food consumption, sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, clinical data, classic cardiometabolic risk markers, and cardiovascular outcomes were evaluated. Diet quality was assessed by calculating the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (dTAC), overall Plant-Based Diet Index (PDI), healthful Plant-Based Diet Index (hPDI), unhealthful Plant-Based Diet Index (uPDI), and modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (mAHEI). Results: Article 1 - Individuals in the IG (n=1,077) had lower mean values of DII, and higher dTAC, PDI, hPDI, and mAHEI compared to individuals from the CG (n=1,108) at all times. Participants had lower DII values and higher scores for hPDI, uPDI (48 months vs. baseline), PDI and mAHEI (24 months vs. baseline) regardless of the group. The IG showed better results than the control group after 12 months for the DII and at months 12, 36, and 48 for the mAHEI. The analyses of articles 2 and 3 were carried out with the total sample (intervention and control groups combined). Article 2 - The delta (changes) of DII and dTAC were positively and inversely associated, respectively, with the delta of risk factors related to anthropometric parameters such as body mass index and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in more than one period evaluated. Also, we found that the PDI and hPDI delta were inversely associated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ 0-36m), and fasting glucose (Δ 0-12m) deltas. The uPDI delta was positively associated with fasting glucose (Δ 0- 36m) and systolic blood pressure deltas (Δ 0-24m), and the mAHEI delta was inversely associated with the WHtR and serum concentration of triglycerides deltas (Δ 0-24m). Article 3 – After 3 years of follow-up (Δ 0-36m), changes in mAHEI were associated with a lower incidence of CVD in both crude and adjusted models. We did not observe any association between changes in the other indices evaluated and the outcomes. Conclusion: The BALANCE Program improved diet quality and impacted the improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors. However, associations between improved diet quality and the incidence of CVD were only observed after 36 months of follow-up, which suggests that dietary changes must be maintained in the long term for possible effects to be observed. Dietary indices can and should be used to help elucidate the role that diet plays in the prevention and management of CVD. Keywords: Dietary inflammatory index. Dietary total antioxidant capacity. Plant-based diet index. Alternative healthy eating index. Secondary health care.
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Palavras-chave
Dieta, Doenças cardiovasculares - Fatores de risco, Antioxidantes, Atenção secundária à saúde, Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor
Citação
CONCEIÇÃO, Aline Rosignoli da. Qualidade da dieta, risco cardiometabólico e incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em indivíduos na atenção secundária em cardiologia: resultados do estudo DICA-BR. 2024. 187 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
