Efeito do consumo de jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora) em pó e do seu extrato microencapsulado na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) e alterações metabólicas associadas in vivo
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A obesidade e a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) podem ser induzidas ou agravadas pelo consumo de dietas hiperlipídicas e ricas em açúcar. A jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), berry brasileira rica em compostos fenólicos, especialmente antocianinas, destaca-se por seu potencial antioxidante, anti- inflamatório, hipoglicemiante e hipolipidêmico. No entanto, esses compostos bioativos possuem baixa biodisponibilidade, tornando a microencapsulação uma alternativa promissora para preservá-los. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa tese foi comparar a jabuticaba e sua casca, submetidas a diferentes métodos de secagem, quanto à composição nutricional e aos compostos bioativos, além de desenvolver um extrato fenólico microencapsulado e avaliar os efeitos do consumo da fruta inteira, da casca e do extrato na fisiopatologia da DHGNA e alterações metabólicas em camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em gordura saturada e frutose (HFHF). Para isso, os frutos de jabuticaba foram separados em fruta inteira e casca, avaliados in natura, após secagem em estufa e após liofilização. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal, fibras alimentares, minerais, compostos fenólicos, antocianinas, capacidade antioxidante e identificação de fenólicos por cromatografia líquida. Também foi desenvolvido um extrato fenólico da casca, posteriormente microencapsulado por spray dryer e caracterizado quanto à atividade de água, tamanho de partícula, colorimetria e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O ensaio biológico foi conduzido com 45 camundongos C57BL/6 machos. Na Fase I, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle padrão (n=9/grupo), que recebeu a dieta AIN-93M, e o grupo HFHF (n=36), que recebeu a dieta hiperlipídica rica em frutose (HFHF) para a indução das alterações metabólicas por 6 semanas. Na Fase II, também com duração de 6 semanas, os animais do grupo controle (G1) foram mantidos com a dieta AIN-93M e os demais redistribuídos em quatro grupos (n=9/grupo): G2) dieta HFHF; G3) dieta HFHF + Casca da jabuticaba (HFHF+CJ); G4) dieta HFHF + Fruta inteira (HFHF+FI) e G5) dieta HFHF + Extrato da casca microencapsulado (HFHF + EM). Foram avaliados parâmetros biométricos, homeostase glicêmica, perfil bioquímico, estresse oxidativo, expressão gênica e histomorfometria hepática e adiposa. A casca liofilizada apresentou maior teor de compostos fenólicos, especialmente após extração hidroetanólica 50:50 por 2 horas. Cianidina- 3-glicosídeo e ácido elágico foram os principais compostos identificados. O extrato microencapsulado apresentou baixa atividade de água, menor tamanho de partícula e morfologia esférica. No ensaio biológico, todas as formulações com jabuticaba atenuaram o ganho de peso corporal, reduziram o perímetro abdominal, melhoraram a homeostase glicêmica e o perfil lipídico, além de diminuírem o tecido adiposo visceral e total. Observou-se redução da hipertrofia adipocitária, aumento das defesas antioxidantes e menor dano oxidativo no tecido adiposo. No fígado, os tratamentos reduziram triglicerídeos hepáticos, atividades de enzimas hepáticas séricas e peroxidação lipídica, além de aumentarem as atividades de SOD, CAT e GST. Também houve redução de marcadores inflamatórios (NF-B e MCP-1) e genes lipogênicos (SREBP-1c, PPAR e FAS), acompanhada de menor acúmulo de gordura hepática, infiltrado inflamatório e deposição de colágeno tipo I. Assim, o desenvolvimento do extrato microencapsulado da casca de jabuticaba pode ser considerado uma estratégia eficaz para a preservação de compostos bioativos. De modo geral, todas as formulações com jabuticaba exerceram efeitos protetores, atenuando as alterações metabólicas e hepáticas induzidas pela dieta obesogênica, reforçando o potencial da jabuticaba como estratégia nutricional promissora na prevenção e manejo da obesidade e da DHGNA. Palavras-chave: compostos bioativos; polifenóis; antocianinas; esteatose hepática; adiposidade; distúrbios do metabolismo de lipídios
Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be induced or aggravated by the consumption of high-fat and high-sugar diets. Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), a Brazilian berry rich in phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, stands out for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic potential. However, these bioactive compounds have low bioavailability, making microencapsulation a promising alternative for their preservation. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to compare jabuticaba and its peel, subjected to different drying methods, regarding their nutritional composition and bioactive compounds, as well as to develop a microencapsulated phenolic extract and evaluate the effects of the consumption of the whole fruit, peel, and extract on the pathophysiology of NAFLD and metabolic alterations in mice fed a high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet. For this purpose, jabuticaba fruits were separated into whole fruit and peel and evaluated in natura, after oven drying, and after freeze-drying. Analyses of proximate composition, dietary fiber, minerals, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic identification by liquid chromatography were performed. A phenolic extract from the peel was also developed, subsequently microencapsulated by spray drying, and characterized regarding water activity, particle size, colorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The biological assay was conducted using 45 male C57BL/6 mice. In Phase I, the animals were divided into two groups: standard control (n=9/group), which received the AIN-93M diet, and the HFHF group (n=36), which received a high-fat high-fructose diet to induce metabolic alterations for 6 weeks. In Phase II, also lasting 6 weeks, the control group animals (G1) remained on the AIN- 93M diet, while the others were redistributed into four groups (n=9/group): G2) HFHF diet; G3) HFHF diet + jabuticaba peel (HFHF+JP); G4) HFHF diet + whole fruit (HFHF+WF); and G5) HFHF diet + microencapsulated peel extract (HFHF+ME). Biometric parameters, glycemic homeostasis, biochemical profile, oxidative stress, gene expression, and hepatic and adipose histomorphometry were evaluated. The freeze-dried peel showed the highest phenolic compound content, especially after 2- hour hydroethanolic extraction (50:50). Cyanidin-3-glucoside and ellagic acid were the main identified compounds. The microencapsulated extract showed low water activity, smaller particle size, and spherical morphology. In the biological assay, all jabuticaba formulations attenuated body weight gain, reduced abdominal circumference, improved glycemic homeostasis and lipid profile, and decreased visceral and total adipose tissue. A reduction in adipocyte hypertrophy, increased antioxidant defenses, and lower oxidative damage in adipose tissue were also observed. In the liver, treatments reduced hepatic triglycerides, serum liver enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation, while increasing SOD, CAT, and GST activities. There was also a reduction in inflammatory markers (NF-B and MCP-1) and lipogenic genes (SREBP-1c, PPAR, and FAS), accompanied by lower hepatic fat accumulation, inflammatory infiltrate, and type I collagen deposition. Thus, the development of the microencapsulated jabuticaba peel extract may be considered an effective strategy for preserving bioactive compounds. Overall, all jabuticaba formulations exerted protective effects by attenuating the metabolic and hepatic alterations induced by the obesogenic diet, reinforcing the potential of jabuticaba as a promising nutritional strategy for the prevention and management of obesity and NAFLD. Keywords: bioactive compounds; polyphenols; anthocyanins; hepatic steatosis; adiposity; lipid metabolism disorders
Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be induced or aggravated by the consumption of high-fat and high-sugar diets. Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), a Brazilian berry rich in phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, stands out for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic potential. However, these bioactive compounds have low bioavailability, making microencapsulation a promising alternative for their preservation. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to compare jabuticaba and its peel, subjected to different drying methods, regarding their nutritional composition and bioactive compounds, as well as to develop a microencapsulated phenolic extract and evaluate the effects of the consumption of the whole fruit, peel, and extract on the pathophysiology of NAFLD and metabolic alterations in mice fed a high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet. For this purpose, jabuticaba fruits were separated into whole fruit and peel and evaluated in natura, after oven drying, and after freeze-drying. Analyses of proximate composition, dietary fiber, minerals, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic identification by liquid chromatography were performed. A phenolic extract from the peel was also developed, subsequently microencapsulated by spray drying, and characterized regarding water activity, particle size, colorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The biological assay was conducted using 45 male C57BL/6 mice. In Phase I, the animals were divided into two groups: standard control (n=9/group), which received the AIN-93M diet, and the HFHF group (n=36), which received a high-fat high-fructose diet to induce metabolic alterations for 6 weeks. In Phase II, also lasting 6 weeks, the control group animals (G1) remained on the AIN- 93M diet, while the others were redistributed into four groups (n=9/group): G2) HFHF diet; G3) HFHF diet + jabuticaba peel (HFHF+JP); G4) HFHF diet + whole fruit (HFHF+WF); and G5) HFHF diet + microencapsulated peel extract (HFHF+ME). Biometric parameters, glycemic homeostasis, biochemical profile, oxidative stress, gene expression, and hepatic and adipose histomorphometry were evaluated. The freeze-dried peel showed the highest phenolic compound content, especially after 2- hour hydroethanolic extraction (50:50). Cyanidin-3-glucoside and ellagic acid were the main identified compounds. The microencapsulated extract showed low water activity, smaller particle size, and spherical morphology. In the biological assay, all jabuticaba formulations attenuated body weight gain, reduced abdominal circumference, improved glycemic homeostasis and lipid profile, and decreased visceral and total adipose tissue. A reduction in adipocyte hypertrophy, increased antioxidant defenses, and lower oxidative damage in adipose tissue were also observed. In the liver, treatments reduced hepatic triglycerides, serum liver enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation, while increasing SOD, CAT, and GST activities. There was also a reduction in inflammatory markers (NF-B and MCP-1) and lipogenic genes (SREBP-1c, PPAR, and FAS), accompanied by lower hepatic fat accumulation, inflammatory infiltrate, and type I collagen deposition. Thus, the development of the microencapsulated jabuticaba peel extract may be considered an effective strategy for preserving bioactive compounds. Overall, all jabuticaba formulations exerted protective effects by attenuating the metabolic and hepatic alterations induced by the obesogenic diet, reinforcing the potential of jabuticaba as a promising nutritional strategy for the prevention and management of obesity and NAFLD. Keywords: bioactive compounds; polyphenols; anthocyanins; hepatic steatosis; adiposity; lipid metabolism disorders
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DIAS, Kelly Aparecida. Efeito do consumo de jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora) em pó e do seu extrato microencapsulado na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) e alterações metabólicas associadas in vivo. 2026. 222 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
