Sorção-dessorção, efeito residual, eficácia do diclosulam no controle e biologia de Borreria spinosa e Borreria verticillata
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2025-01-21
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O diclosulam é amplamente utilizado no manejo de plantas daninhas em função da sua ação na pré-emergência destas espécies. Este herbicida apresenta retenção no solo, processo que é governado pelos fatores de sorção-dessorção e efeito residual no solo, os quais podem ser analisados por técnicas analíticas, como a cromatografia, e por bioensaio com espécies sensíveis. No entanto, os resultados obtidos por ambas as técnicas podem não condizer entre si, resultando em injúrias em uma cultura sensível e impactando o manejo de plantas daninhas, por exemplo. Dentre as principais plantas daninhas na agricultura brasileira, destacam-se as espécies de vassourinha-de-botão (Borreria spp.), como B. spinosa e B. verticillata, as quais não apresentam informações consolidadas sobre sua biologia, o que impacta o controle destas espécies. Apesar do seu potencial, são escassos os estudos sobre a eficácia do diclosulam no manejo em pré-emergência dessas espécies, bem como, informações sobre processos de germinação e emergência destas espécies em diferentes condições ambientais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender aspectos relacionados biologia de B. spinosa e B. verticillata em condições ambientais distintas, bem como avaliar a eficácia do diclosulam no controle destas espécies e analisar o processo de sorção-dessorção e efeito residual do diclosulam em solos com características físico-químicas distintas. O experimento de germinação de espécies de vassourinha-de-botão foi realizado em câmaras de crescimento (B.O.D), dois regimes de luz (8h/16h luz e escuro, respectivamente, e escuro constante) e cinco temperaturas (20, 25, 30, 35 e 20-30°C). O experimento de emergência foi realizado em casa de vegetação, avaliando diferentes profundidades de semeadura (0; 1; 2; 4; 6 e 8 cm). Os experimentos de eficácia de controle foram realizados individualmente para cada espécie, com três solos distintos e dez doses de diclosulam (0 a 35g i.a. ha-1). Os experimentos de sorção- dessorção, por cromatografia, foram realizados pelo método “batch equilibrium” com diferentes concentrações de diclosulam para a avaliação do coeficiente de sorção- dessorção pelo modelo linear (Kd) e de Freundlich (Kf), além da normalização dos coeficientes pelo carbono orgânico do solo (Koc e Kfoc). A estimativa de sorção por bioensaio possibilita o cálculo da dose necessária para obtenção de 50% de controle (C50) e da dose para redução de 50% de massa seca (GR50), bem como a razão de sorção (RS) destes parâmetros. O efeito residual foi avaliado por bioensaio com girassol, a partir da dose máxima recomendada para cultura da soja (35 g i.a. ha-1) e diferentes épocas de aplicação (0 a 240 dias), possibilitando o cálculo do tempo de meia-vida residual (Residual Lifetime - RL50) e tempo necessário para redução de 50% da massa seca (GR50). Os resultados obtidos quanto ao estudo de germinação, demonstraram que B. spinosa apresentou maior índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) (12,59 e 12,15) e primeira contagem (34 e 33%) nas temperaturas de 20ºC e 25ºC, na presença de luz, respectivamente. Para a B. verticillata, maior IVG foi observado em 20 e 25ºC (6,46 e 6,95, respectivamente). A emergência de B. spinosa e B. verticillata foi reduzida com o aumento da profundidade de semeadura, sendo nula em profundidades de 6 cm. Os resultados evidenciaram que ambas as espécies foram influenciadas negativamente por temperaturas elevadas (>25ºC), e apresentaram comportamento fotoblástico positivo. A eficácia do diclosulam no controle para ambas as espécies foi eficiente (>90%) na dose máxima registrada de 35 g i.a. ha-1, nos solos avaliados. Para o experimento de sorção-dessorção por cromatografia, o Kd variou de 4,80 a 10,89 L Kg-1; já o Kf variou de 6,80 a 14,96 mg (1–1/n) L1/n kg-1 com porcentagem de sorção entre 60,7% e 80,2%, enquanto a dessorção não foi quantificada. Para a estimativa de sorção por bioensaio com girassol, os valores de C50 e GR50 variaram de 0,34 a 2,92 e de 0,86 a 6,23 g i.a. ha-1, respectivamente. Com base na análise de componentes principais, foi evidenciado que as técnicas analíticas e biológicas são complementares, mas não equivalentes. Em relação ao efeito residual do diclosulam em girassol, foi observado RL50 de 64,4 a 203,4 dias; e GR50 variando de 66,6 a 214,2 dias nos solos avaliados. Assim, o entendimento dos padrões de germinação e emergência de plantas daninhas pode auxiliar nas estratégias de manejo, bem como, o diclosulam pode ser uma alternativa de controle de vassourinha-de-botão em solos distintos. Ainda, os processos de sorção- dessorção e efeito residual são indispensáveis na avaliação da retenção do diclosulam em solos. Palavras-chave: bioensaio; cromatografia líquida; carryover; vassourinha-de-botão; pré-emergência.
Diclosulam is widely used for weed management due to its pre-emergence action of weeds. This herbicide exhibits soil retention, a process governed by sorption- desorption factors and its residual effect in the soil, which can be analyzed using analytical techniques, such as chromatography and bioassays with sensitive species. However, results obtained from these techniques may not always align, potentially leading to injury in sensitive crops and impacting weed management strategies. Thus, among the major hard-to-control weeds in Brazilian agriculture, false buttonweed species (Borreria spp.), such as B. spinosa (false buttonweed) and B. verticillata (shrubby false buttonweed), stand out. These species lack consolidated biological information, which hinders their control. Despite its potential, studies on the efficacy of diclosulam in the pre-emergence management of these species, as well as on their germination and emergence processes under different environmental conditions, are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption- desorption process, residual effect, and efficacy of diclosulam in controlling B. spinosa and B. verticillata in soils with distinct physicochemical characteristics, in addition to understanding germination and emergence aspects of these species. The germination experiment for Borreria species was conducted in growth chambers (B.O.D) under two light regimes (8h/16h light/dark and constant darkness) and five temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 and 20–30°C). The emergence experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, evaluating different sowing depths (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 cm). Control efficacy experiments were conducted individually for each species, using three distinct soils and ten doses of diclosulam (0 to 35 g a.i. ha-1). Sorption- desorption experiments were performed using the batch equilibrium method with various diclosulam concentrations to evaluate the sorption-desorption coefficients based on the linear model (Kd) and Freundlich model (Kf), as well as normalizing these coefficients by soil organic carbon (Koc and Kfoc). Sorption estimation through bioassays allowed calculation of the dose required for 50% control (C50) and the dose required to reduce dry mass by 50% (GR50), along with the sorption ratio (SR) of these parameters. The residual effect was assessed via a sunflower bioassay, using the maximum recommended dose (35 g a.i. ha-1) and various application times (0 to 240 days), enabling calculation of the residual half-life (Residual Lifetime - RL50) and time required for a 50% reduction in dry mass (GR50). The germination results for B. spinosa showed higher germination speed index (GSI) values (12.59 and 12.15) and first counts (34 and 33%) at 20°C and 25°C under light conditions, respectively. For B. verticillata, higher GSI values were observed at 20°C and 25°C (6.46 and 6.95%, respectively). The emergence of B. spinosa and B. verticillata decreased with increased sowing depth, becoming null at 6 cm depth. Results demonstrated that both species were negatively affected by high temperatures (>25°C) and exhibited positive photoblastic behavior. Diclosulam efficacy in controlling both species was above 80% at the maximum registered dose of 35 g a.i. ha-1 in the soils evaluated. In the sorption- desorption experiments, Kd values ranged from 4.80 to 10.89 L kg-1, while Kf values ranged from 6.80 to 14.96 mg (1–1/n) L1/n kg-1, with sorption percentages between 60.7% and 80.2%. Desorption was not quantified. In the sunflower bioassay for sorption estimation, C50 and GR50 values ranged from 0.34 to 2.92 and 0.86 to 6.23 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that analytical and biological techniques are complementary but not equivalent. Regarding the residual effect of diclosulam in sunflower, RL50 values ranged from 64.4 to 203.4 days, while GR50 values varied from 66.6 to 214.2 days. Thus, understanding germination and emergence patterns of weeds can assist in developing management strategies, as well as enhancing control efficacy of false and shrubby false buttonweed in different soils. Moreover, sorption-desorption processes and residual effects are crucial for assessing diclosulam retention in soils. Keywords: bioassay; liquid chromatography; carryover; false buttonweed; pre emergence
Diclosulam is widely used for weed management due to its pre-emergence action of weeds. This herbicide exhibits soil retention, a process governed by sorption- desorption factors and its residual effect in the soil, which can be analyzed using analytical techniques, such as chromatography and bioassays with sensitive species. However, results obtained from these techniques may not always align, potentially leading to injury in sensitive crops and impacting weed management strategies. Thus, among the major hard-to-control weeds in Brazilian agriculture, false buttonweed species (Borreria spp.), such as B. spinosa (false buttonweed) and B. verticillata (shrubby false buttonweed), stand out. These species lack consolidated biological information, which hinders their control. Despite its potential, studies on the efficacy of diclosulam in the pre-emergence management of these species, as well as on their germination and emergence processes under different environmental conditions, are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption- desorption process, residual effect, and efficacy of diclosulam in controlling B. spinosa and B. verticillata in soils with distinct physicochemical characteristics, in addition to understanding germination and emergence aspects of these species. The germination experiment for Borreria species was conducted in growth chambers (B.O.D) under two light regimes (8h/16h light/dark and constant darkness) and five temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 and 20–30°C). The emergence experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, evaluating different sowing depths (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 cm). Control efficacy experiments were conducted individually for each species, using three distinct soils and ten doses of diclosulam (0 to 35 g a.i. ha-1). Sorption- desorption experiments were performed using the batch equilibrium method with various diclosulam concentrations to evaluate the sorption-desorption coefficients based on the linear model (Kd) and Freundlich model (Kf), as well as normalizing these coefficients by soil organic carbon (Koc and Kfoc). Sorption estimation through bioassays allowed calculation of the dose required for 50% control (C50) and the dose required to reduce dry mass by 50% (GR50), along with the sorption ratio (SR) of these parameters. The residual effect was assessed via a sunflower bioassay, using the maximum recommended dose (35 g a.i. ha-1) and various application times (0 to 240 days), enabling calculation of the residual half-life (Residual Lifetime - RL50) and time required for a 50% reduction in dry mass (GR50). The germination results for B. spinosa showed higher germination speed index (GSI) values (12.59 and 12.15) and first counts (34 and 33%) at 20°C and 25°C under light conditions, respectively. For B. verticillata, higher GSI values were observed at 20°C and 25°C (6.46 and 6.95%, respectively). The emergence of B. spinosa and B. verticillata decreased with increased sowing depth, becoming null at 6 cm depth. Results demonstrated that both species were negatively affected by high temperatures (>25°C) and exhibited positive photoblastic behavior. Diclosulam efficacy in controlling both species was above 80% at the maximum registered dose of 35 g a.i. ha-1 in the soils evaluated. In the sorption- desorption experiments, Kd values ranged from 4.80 to 10.89 L kg-1, while Kf values ranged from 6.80 to 14.96 mg (1–1/n) L1/n kg-1, with sorption percentages between 60.7% and 80.2%. Desorption was not quantified. In the sunflower bioassay for sorption estimation, C50 and GR50 values ranged from 0.34 to 2.92 and 0.86 to 6.23 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that analytical and biological techniques are complementary but not equivalent. Regarding the residual effect of diclosulam in sunflower, RL50 values ranged from 64.4 to 203.4 days, while GR50 values varied from 66.6 to 214.2 days. Thus, understanding germination and emergence patterns of weeds can assist in developing management strategies, as well as enhancing control efficacy of false and shrubby false buttonweed in different soils. Moreover, sorption-desorption processes and residual effects are crucial for assessing diclosulam retention in soils. Keywords: bioassay; liquid chromatography; carryover; false buttonweed; pre emergence
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Herbicidas, Solos - Efeito dos herbicidas, Borreria spp, Cromatografia líquida
Citação
SILVA, Laryssa Barbosa Xavier da. Sorção-dessorção, efeito residual, eficácia do diclosulam no controle e biologia de Borreria spinosa e Borreria verticillata. 2025. 124 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.