O trabalho do professor substituto da educação básica pela perspectiva ergonômica
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Esta pesquisa tomou como objeto de estudo a análise do trabalho de professores substitutos de duas escolas da rede pública de educação do interior do estado de Minas Gerais, para a qual adotamos uma perspectiva ergonômica. Ancoramos nosso estudo em pressupostos teóricos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo - ISD (BRONCKART, 1999/2009), da Clínica da Atividade (CLOT, 1999/2000, 2001, 2008; CLOT et al, 2022) e da Ergonomia da Atividade de Profissionais da Educação (FAÏTA E VIEIRA, 2003; FAÏTA, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004; AMIGUES, 2004, 2009), bem como em pesquisas do campo da linguística aplicada brasileira que compartilham desse arcabouço teórico (MACHADO, 2011; FAZION, 2016; 2017, LOUSADA 2017, DANTAS-LONGHI, 2017). O estudo desenvolveu uma abordagem metodológica participativa, centrada nas verbalizações dos professores durante uma reunião coletiva e em entrevistas de instrução ao sósia. Por meio de uma análise textual centrada nas verbalizações dos professores participantes, revelaram-se as precariedades e dilemas enfrentados pelos professores substitutos, como a alta rotatividade e a falta de vínculo com os alunos e os demais profissionais do âmbito escolar. O estudo mostrou, também, que a instabilidade dos contratos temporários prejudica o desenvolvimento de um trabalho pedagógico contínuo e afeta diretamente a saúde dos professores. Além dos aspectos já mencionados, a dissertação destaca o cenário crítico de Minas Gerais, onde a maioria dos professores atuantes nas escolas estaduais são contratados temporariamente, colocando o estado no topo do ranking nacional em termos de número de professores não efetivos. Muitos dos afastamentos de professores estão relacionados a doenças como transtornos mentais e comportamentais, o que intensifica a necessidade de substituição temporária. A pesquisa destaca, ainda, a incerteza que os professores sentem em relação ao seu próprio desempenho, em que oscilam entre momentos de autoconfiança e autocrítica. Essa dualidade reflete a tensão interna dos educadores, que, apesar de se dedicarem intensamente ao trabalho, muitas vezes não sentem o reconhecimento institucional ou social. Outro ponto abordado é a relação com os alunos. Os professores relatam que, embora haja um esforço contínuo para estabelecer proximidade e cuidado, eles também precisam manter sua autoridade em sala de aula, o que nem sempre é fácil, especialmente diante do desinteresse de alguns estudantes. A pesquisa aponta, ainda, para a necessidade de políticas públicas que garantam melhores condições de trabalho e formação para os professores substitutos, de modo a promover maior estabilidade e eficiência no sistema educacional. Palavras-chave: professor substituto; ergonomia da atividade docente; interacionismo sociodiscursivo; modalizações.
This research focused on the analysis of the work of substitute teachers in two public schools in the state of Minas Gerais, adopting an ergonomic perspective. Our study is grounded in the theoretical assumptions of Sociodiscursive Interactionism (ISD) (BRONCKART, 1999/2009), Activity Clinic (CLOT, 1999/2000, 2001, 2008; CLOT et al, 2022), and Activity Ergonomics of Education Professionals' (FAÏTA AND VIEIRA, 2003; FAÏTA, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004; AMIGUES, 2004, 2009), as well as in research in the field of Brazilian applied linguistics that shares this theoretical framework (MACHADO, 2011; FAZION, 2016; 2017, LOUSADA 2017, DANTAS-LONGHI, 2017). The study developed a participatory methodological approach, focused on the verbalizations of the teachers during a collective meeting and in interviews of instruction to the double. Through a textual analysis focused on the verbalizations of the participating teachers, the study revealed the challenges and dilemmas faced by substitute teachers, such as high turnover and lack of relationship with students and other school staff. The study also showed that the instability of temporary contracts hinders the development of continuous pedagogical work and directly affects teachers' health. In addition to the aspects already mentioned, the dissertation highlights the critical situation in Minas Gerais, where most of the teachers in state schools are hired temporarily, placing the state at the top of the national ranking in terms of the number of non-tenured teachers. Many teacher absences are related to illnesses such as mental and behavioral disorders, which increases the need for temporary replacements. The research also underscores the uncertainty teachers experience about their performance, often fluctuating between self-confidence and self-criticism. This duality reflects the internal tension of educators, who, despite dedicating themselves intensively to their work, often feel a lack of institutional or social recognition. Another key point discussed is the relationship with students. Teachers express that, while they consistently strive to foster closeness and care, they must also uphold their authority in the classroom—a balance that proves challenging, particularly when confronted with student disengagement. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of public policies aimed at improving working conditions and providing adequate development programs for substitute teachers. Such measures are essential to enhancing stability and efficiency within the educational system. Keywords: substitute teacher; teaching activity ergonomics; sociodiscursive interactionism; modulations.
This research focused on the analysis of the work of substitute teachers in two public schools in the state of Minas Gerais, adopting an ergonomic perspective. Our study is grounded in the theoretical assumptions of Sociodiscursive Interactionism (ISD) (BRONCKART, 1999/2009), Activity Clinic (CLOT, 1999/2000, 2001, 2008; CLOT et al, 2022), and Activity Ergonomics of Education Professionals' (FAÏTA AND VIEIRA, 2003; FAÏTA, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004; AMIGUES, 2004, 2009), as well as in research in the field of Brazilian applied linguistics that shares this theoretical framework (MACHADO, 2011; FAZION, 2016; 2017, LOUSADA 2017, DANTAS-LONGHI, 2017). The study developed a participatory methodological approach, focused on the verbalizations of the teachers during a collective meeting and in interviews of instruction to the double. Through a textual analysis focused on the verbalizations of the participating teachers, the study revealed the challenges and dilemmas faced by substitute teachers, such as high turnover and lack of relationship with students and other school staff. The study also showed that the instability of temporary contracts hinders the development of continuous pedagogical work and directly affects teachers' health. In addition to the aspects already mentioned, the dissertation highlights the critical situation in Minas Gerais, where most of the teachers in state schools are hired temporarily, placing the state at the top of the national ranking in terms of the number of non-tenured teachers. Many teacher absences are related to illnesses such as mental and behavioral disorders, which increases the need for temporary replacements. The research also underscores the uncertainty teachers experience about their performance, often fluctuating between self-confidence and self-criticism. This duality reflects the internal tension of educators, who, despite dedicating themselves intensively to their work, often feel a lack of institutional or social recognition. Another key point discussed is the relationship with students. Teachers express that, while they consistently strive to foster closeness and care, they must also uphold their authority in the classroom—a balance that proves challenging, particularly when confronted with student disengagement. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of public policies aimed at improving working conditions and providing adequate development programs for substitute teachers. Such measures are essential to enhancing stability and efficiency within the educational system. Keywords: substitute teacher; teaching activity ergonomics; sociodiscursive interactionism; modulations.
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GUIMARÃES, Josiane Caroline. O trabalho do professor substituto da educação básica pela perspectiva ergonômica. 2024. 134 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
