Controle químico e respostas ao glifosato em espécies de Commelina e mecanismos de resistência ao herbicida em Digitaria insularis
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
As plantas daninhas constituem um dos principais fatores limitantes da produtividade agrícola, e o uso intensivo do glifosato tem favorecido a persistência de espécies de difícil controle, como as do gênero Commelina e a evolução de biótipos resistentes ao herbicida, como Digitaria insularis. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram: i) avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados isoladamente e em mistura no controle de espécies de Commelina, ii) investigar os efeitos do glifosato sobre o acúmulo de ácido chiquímico, a resposta dos compostos fenólicos e a anatomia foliar em Commelina benghalensis e Commelina diffusa, e iii) caracterizar os mecanismos de resistência ao glifosato associados ao sítio de ação em biótipos de Digitaria insularis. A eficácia de herbicidas no controle de espécies de Commelina foi avaliada em experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação, por meio de avaliações visuais de controle aos 28 e 60 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e da redução da massa seca da parte aérea. Os efeitos do glifosato em C. benghalensis e C. diffusa foram avaliados por meio da determinação do acúmulo de ácido chiquímico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), das respostas dos compostos fenólicos totais pelo método espectrofotométrico de Folin-Ciocalteu e de análises anatômicas foliares. Em Digitaria insularis, a resistência ao glifosato foi caracterizada por curva de dose- resposta, determinação do acúmulo de ácido chiquímico, sequenciamento do gene EPSPS e quantificação do número de cópias desse gene por qPCR. A eficácia dos herbicidas variou entre as espécies de Commelina, com diferenças interespecíficas nas respostas de controle. Em C. benghalensis, triclopir, triclopir + glifosato e 2,4-D + saflufenacil proporcionaram os maiores níveis de controle e redução da biomassa. Em C. diffusa, triclopir, carfentrazona + glifosato e saflufenacil + glifosato foram os mais eficientes no controle. C. erecta apresentou maior sensibilidade aos herbicidas, sendo controlada por 2,4-D, dicamba, triclopir, flumioxazina, glufosinato de amônio e pela maioria das misturas com glifosato. As misturas de herbicidas apresentaram interações aditivas, sinérgicas e antagônicas, demonstrando que a resposta às associações depende da espécie e da combinação de herbicidas. A mistura flumioxazina + glifosato foi a única que apresentou efeito antagônico nas três espécies avaliadas. O glifosato promoveu acúmulo de ácido chiquímico em C. benghalensis e C. diffusa. O herbicida reduziu os compostos fenólicos, principalmente em folhas expandidas, e promoveu alterações anatômicas caracterizadas por clorose, necrose, deformações estomáticas, redução da espessura da cutícula, hiperplasia do mesofilo e danos aos feixes vasculares. Em conjunto, esses resultados evidenciaram que a resposta ao glifosato envolve alterações bioquímicas e estruturais, mesmo em espécies tolerantes, e instiga estudos futuros para avaliar os mecanismos fisiológicos que permitem a espécie sobreviver ao glifosato. Os biótipos de Digitaria insularis apresentaram baixo fator de resistência ao glifosato. A resistência foi explicada pela ocorrência simultânea da mutação Pro106Thr e do aumento do número de cópias do gene EPSPS, caracterizando mecanismos de resistência relacionados ao sítio de ação. Assim, os resultados ampliam o conhecimento sobre a resposta de importantes plantas daninhas ao glifosato, identificam alternativas mais eficientes para o manejo de espécies de Commelina e reforçam a importância do desenvolvimento de estratégias destinadas a retardar a evolução da resistência aos herbicidas. Palavras-chave: alterações estruturais; manejo químico; metabolismo secundário; mecanismo de ação ; plantas daninhas; resistência; herbicidas; sítio-alvo.
Weeds are among the major factors limiting agricultural productivity, and the intensive use of glyphosate has favored the persistence of difficult-to-control species, such as those of the genus Commelina, as well as the evolution of herbicide-resistant biotypes, such as Digitaria insularis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: i) evaluate the efficacy of herbicides applied alone and in mixtures for the control of Commelina species; ii) investigate the effects of glyphosate on shikimic acid accumulation, phenolic compound responses, and leaf anatomy in Commelina benghalensis and Commelina diffusa; and iii) characterize glyphosate resistance mechanisms associated with the target site in Digitaria insularis biotypes. The efficacy of herbicides for the control of Commelina species was evaluated in greenhouse experiments through visual assessments of control at 28 and 60 days after application (DAA) and reductions in shoot dry matter. The effects of glyphosate on C. benghalensis and C. diffusa were evaluated by determining shikimic acid accumulation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), assessing total phenolic compounds using the Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method, and performing leaf anatomical analyses. In D. insularis, glyphosate resistance was characterized through dose-response curves, determination of shikimic acid accumulation, EPSPS gene sequencing, and quantification of EPSPS gene copy number by qPCR. Herbicide efficacy varied among Commelina species, with interspecific differences in control responses. In C. benghalensis, triclopyr, triclopyr + glyphosate, and 2,4-D + saflufenacil provided the highest levels of control and biomass reduction. In C. diffusa, triclopyr, carfentrazone + glyphosate, and saflufenacil + glyphosate were the most effective treatments. C. erecta showed greater sensitivity to herbicides and was controlled by 2,4-D, dicamba, triclopyr, flumioxazin, glufosinate-ammonium, and most glyphosate mixtures. Herbicide mixtures exhibited additive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions, demonstrating that responses to mixtures depend on both the species and the herbicide combination. The flumioxazin + glyphosate mixture was the only treatment that showed an antagonistic effect across all three evaluated species. Glyphosate promoted shikimic acid accumulation in C. benghalensis and C. diffusa. The herbicide reduced phenolic compounds, particularly in expanded leaves, and induced anatomical changes characterized by chlorosis, necrosis, stomatal deformities, reduced cuticle thickness, mesophyll hyperplasia, and damage to vascular bundles. Overall, these results demonstrate that the response to glyphosate involves biochemical and structural alterations, even in tolerant species, and highlight the need for further studies to evaluate the physiological mechanisms that enable these species to survive glyphosate exposure. Digitaria insularis biotypes showed a low resistance factor to glyphosate. Resistance was explained by the simultaneous occurrence of the Pro106Thr mutation and an increased number of EPSPS gene copies, characterizing target-site resistance mechanisms. Thus, these results expand the knowledge of the responses of important weed species to glyphosate, identify more effective alternatives for the management of Commelina species, and reinforce the importance of developing strategies aimed at delaying the evolution of herbicide resistance. Keywords: Structural changes; Chemical management; Secondary metabolism; Mode of action; Weeds; Resistance; Herbicides; Target site
Weeds are among the major factors limiting agricultural productivity, and the intensive use of glyphosate has favored the persistence of difficult-to-control species, such as those of the genus Commelina, as well as the evolution of herbicide-resistant biotypes, such as Digitaria insularis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: i) evaluate the efficacy of herbicides applied alone and in mixtures for the control of Commelina species; ii) investigate the effects of glyphosate on shikimic acid accumulation, phenolic compound responses, and leaf anatomy in Commelina benghalensis and Commelina diffusa; and iii) characterize glyphosate resistance mechanisms associated with the target site in Digitaria insularis biotypes. The efficacy of herbicides for the control of Commelina species was evaluated in greenhouse experiments through visual assessments of control at 28 and 60 days after application (DAA) and reductions in shoot dry matter. The effects of glyphosate on C. benghalensis and C. diffusa were evaluated by determining shikimic acid accumulation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), assessing total phenolic compounds using the Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method, and performing leaf anatomical analyses. In D. insularis, glyphosate resistance was characterized through dose-response curves, determination of shikimic acid accumulation, EPSPS gene sequencing, and quantification of EPSPS gene copy number by qPCR. Herbicide efficacy varied among Commelina species, with interspecific differences in control responses. In C. benghalensis, triclopyr, triclopyr + glyphosate, and 2,4-D + saflufenacil provided the highest levels of control and biomass reduction. In C. diffusa, triclopyr, carfentrazone + glyphosate, and saflufenacil + glyphosate were the most effective treatments. C. erecta showed greater sensitivity to herbicides and was controlled by 2,4-D, dicamba, triclopyr, flumioxazin, glufosinate-ammonium, and most glyphosate mixtures. Herbicide mixtures exhibited additive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions, demonstrating that responses to mixtures depend on both the species and the herbicide combination. The flumioxazin + glyphosate mixture was the only treatment that showed an antagonistic effect across all three evaluated species. Glyphosate promoted shikimic acid accumulation in C. benghalensis and C. diffusa. The herbicide reduced phenolic compounds, particularly in expanded leaves, and induced anatomical changes characterized by chlorosis, necrosis, stomatal deformities, reduced cuticle thickness, mesophyll hyperplasia, and damage to vascular bundles. Overall, these results demonstrate that the response to glyphosate involves biochemical and structural alterations, even in tolerant species, and highlight the need for further studies to evaluate the physiological mechanisms that enable these species to survive glyphosate exposure. Digitaria insularis biotypes showed a low resistance factor to glyphosate. Resistance was explained by the simultaneous occurrence of the Pro106Thr mutation and an increased number of EPSPS gene copies, characterizing target-site resistance mechanisms. Thus, these results expand the knowledge of the responses of important weed species to glyphosate, identify more effective alternatives for the management of Commelina species, and reinforce the importance of developing strategies aimed at delaying the evolution of herbicide resistance. Keywords: Structural changes; Chemical management; Secondary metabolism; Mode of action; Weeds; Resistance; Herbicides; Target site
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PAULA, Dilma Francisca de. Controle químico e respostas ao glifosato em espécies de Commelina e mecanismos de resistência ao herbicida em Digitaria insularis. 2026. 99 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
