Pobreza multidimensional e choques de renda no Brasil
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Esta tese está estruturada em dois ensaios e se dedica ao estudo da evolução da pobreza multidimensional no Brasil, bem como à análise dos efeitos de choques de renda sobre suas diferentes dimensões. O objetivo central é compreender como está estruturada a pobreza no Brasil e de que forma choques de renda impactam não apenas a incidência geral da pobreza, mas também suas manifestações específicas, como nas áreas de educação, padrão de vida e recursos econômicos. Adicionalmente, o trabalho aborda aspectos da vulnerabilidade social, com destaque para as desigualdades de gênero, raça e região, evidenciando como certos grupos populacionais são mais suscetíveis à pobreza e mais expostos aos efeitos adversos provocados por choques de renda. Neste sentido, o primeiro ensaio teve como objetivo medir e avaliar a evolução da pobreza multidimensional em todas as regiões do Brasil e entre diferentes perfis populacionais, buscando identificar as maiores vulnerabilidades com base nas características territoriais e demográficas, fornecendo uma compreensão detalhada das desigualdades existentes. Com base em dados da PNAD Contínua entre os anos de 2016 a 2022, a estratégia empírica adotada para atingir os objetivos propostos baseou-se no método do Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) combinando elementos multidimensionais (padrão de vida, educação e saúde) com a abordagem monetária (insuficiência de renda). Os resultados gerais do primeiro ensaio indicaram uma tendência de redução tanto da incidência de pobreza multidimensional quanto da proporção de extrema pobreza ao longo do período analisado. No entanto, essa redução não é uniforme e esconde profundas desigualdades regionais e demográficas. A pobreza no Brasil se mostrou caracterizada em sua predominância pela vulnerabilidade feminina e elevadas proporções de pobreza entre negros, residentes de áreas rurais e habitantes das regiões Norte e Nordeste. Por sua vez, o segundo ensaio foi dedicado a análise dos efeitos de choques de renda, positivos e negativos, sobre a probabilidade de pobreza multidimensional nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras. A estratégia metodológica adotada consistiu em utilizar a variação da taxa de desemprego como proxy para os choques de renda e avaliar seus efeitos tanto sobre o índice geral de pobreza multidimensional quanto em suas dimensões específicas: educação, padrão de vida e recursos econômicos. Adicionalmente, foram exploradas as desigualdades na vulnerabilidade à pobreza com recortes por gênero e raça, a fim de evidenciar como desigualdades estruturais afetam diferentes grupos populacionais. A análise foi conduzida com dados da PNAD Contínua para o período de 2016 a 2023. Os principais resultados deste segundo ensaio indicam que choques de renda negativos aumentam significativamente a probabilidade de pobreza multidimensional, com mulheres e pessoas negras sendo desproporcionalmente mais vulneráveis. Por outro lado, os choques positivos apresentaram efeitos menos expressivos na redução da pobreza, sugerindo que essa condição tende a ser persistente e não facilmente revertida por aumentos pontuais de renda. No que diz respeito às dimensões analisadas isoladamente, a dimensão recursos econômicos revelou-se a mais sensível aos choques, enquanto as dimensões padrão de vida e educação mostraram menor resposta às variações derivadas dos choques de renda. Palavras-chave: pobreza multidimensional ; choques de renda; taxa de desemprego; desigualdades regionais; características demográficas
This thesis is structured in two essays and is dedicated to studying the evolution of multidimensional poverty in Brazil, as well as analyzing the effects of income shocks on its various dimensions. The central objective is to understand how poverty is structured in Brazil and how income shocks affect not only the overall incidence of poverty but also its specific manifestations, such as in the areas of education, living standards, and economic resources. Additionally, the study addresses aspects of social vulnerability, with special attention to gender, racial, and regional inequalities, highlighting how certain population groups are more susceptible to poverty and more exposed to the adverse effects of income shocks. In this regard, the first essay aimed to measure and evaluate the evolution of multidimensional poverty across all regions of Brazil and among different population profiles, seeking to identify the most vulnerable groups based on territorial and demographic characteristics, thereby providing a detailed understanding of existing inequalities. Using data from the Continuous PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) from 2016 to 2022, the empirical strategy adopted was based on the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) method, combining multidimensional elements (living standards, education, and health) with the monetary approach (income insufficiency). The general findings of the first essay indicated a downward trend in both the incidence of multidimensional poverty and the share of extreme poverty throughout the analyzed period. However, this decline is not uniform and conceals deep regional and demographic disparities. Poverty in Brazil was found to be predominantly characterized by female vulnerability and high poverty rates among Black individuals, rural residents, and those living in the North and Northeast regions. The second essay, in turn, focused on analyzing the effects of both positive and negative income shocks on the probability of multidimensional poverty in Brazilian metropolitan regions. The methodological strategy consisted of using variations in the unemployment rate as a proxy for income shocks and assessing their effects on both the overall multidimensional poverty index and its specific dimensions: education, living standards, and economic resources. Additionally, inequalities in vulnerability to poverty were explored through gender and racial lenses, in order to show how structural inequalities affect different population groups. The analysis was conducted using Continuous PNAD data for the period from 2016 to 2023. The main findings of this second essay indicate that negative income shocks significantly increase the probability of multidimensional poverty, with women and Black individuals being disproportionately more vulnerable. In contrast, positive shocks had weaker effects in reducing poverty, suggesting that this condition tends to be persistent and not easily reversed by temporary increases in income. Regarding the individual dimensions, economic resources were the most sensitive to income shocks, whereas living standards and education showed a lower degree of responsiveness to income variations. Keywords: multidimensional poverty; income shocks; unemployment rate; regional inequalities; demographic characteristics.
This thesis is structured in two essays and is dedicated to studying the evolution of multidimensional poverty in Brazil, as well as analyzing the effects of income shocks on its various dimensions. The central objective is to understand how poverty is structured in Brazil and how income shocks affect not only the overall incidence of poverty but also its specific manifestations, such as in the areas of education, living standards, and economic resources. Additionally, the study addresses aspects of social vulnerability, with special attention to gender, racial, and regional inequalities, highlighting how certain population groups are more susceptible to poverty and more exposed to the adverse effects of income shocks. In this regard, the first essay aimed to measure and evaluate the evolution of multidimensional poverty across all regions of Brazil and among different population profiles, seeking to identify the most vulnerable groups based on territorial and demographic characteristics, thereby providing a detailed understanding of existing inequalities. Using data from the Continuous PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) from 2016 to 2022, the empirical strategy adopted was based on the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) method, combining multidimensional elements (living standards, education, and health) with the monetary approach (income insufficiency). The general findings of the first essay indicated a downward trend in both the incidence of multidimensional poverty and the share of extreme poverty throughout the analyzed period. However, this decline is not uniform and conceals deep regional and demographic disparities. Poverty in Brazil was found to be predominantly characterized by female vulnerability and high poverty rates among Black individuals, rural residents, and those living in the North and Northeast regions. The second essay, in turn, focused on analyzing the effects of both positive and negative income shocks on the probability of multidimensional poverty in Brazilian metropolitan regions. The methodological strategy consisted of using variations in the unemployment rate as a proxy for income shocks and assessing their effects on both the overall multidimensional poverty index and its specific dimensions: education, living standards, and economic resources. Additionally, inequalities in vulnerability to poverty were explored through gender and racial lenses, in order to show how structural inequalities affect different population groups. The analysis was conducted using Continuous PNAD data for the period from 2016 to 2023. The main findings of this second essay indicate that negative income shocks significantly increase the probability of multidimensional poverty, with women and Black individuals being disproportionately more vulnerable. In contrast, positive shocks had weaker effects in reducing poverty, suggesting that this condition tends to be persistent and not easily reversed by temporary increases in income. Regarding the individual dimensions, economic resources were the most sensitive to income shocks, whereas living standards and education showed a lower degree of responsiveness to income variations. Keywords: multidimensional poverty; income shocks; unemployment rate; regional inequalities; demographic characteristics.
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YUSUF, Kalid Ahmad. Pobreza multidimensional e choques de renda no Brasil. 2025. 85 f. Tese (Doutorado em Economia Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
