Inter-relações entre o consumo alimentar, fenótipo da obesidade e risco cardiometabólico desde a infância até a adolescência: estudo PASE
Loading...
Date
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A obesidade de peso normal (OPN) é caracterizada pelo excesso de gordura corporal em indivíduos com peso normal. A associação desse fenótipo com risco cardiometabólico não foi totalmente esclarecida na população pediátrica, e existe uma lacuna de estudos avaliando a sua relação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e o índice inflamatório da dieta infantil (IID-I). Objetivou-se investigar as inter-relações entre consumo alimentar, fenótipo da obesidade e risco cardiometabólico da infância à adolescência. Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva em que a linha de base foi realizada com 378 crianças de 8 e 9 anos de Viçosa, MG, em 2015-2016. Esses participantes foram reavaliados na adolescência (15 a 18 anos) entre os anos de 2022-2024. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de três recordatórios de 24 horas. Os alimentos foram categorizados com base na classificação NOVA e foi calculado o IID-I. Avaliações bioquímicas de colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos, glicemia e insulina, ácido úrico, adipocinas e marcadores do estresse oxidativo foram realizadas. O modelo homeostático de avaliação da resistência à insulina foi estimado. Aferiu-se o perímetro da cintura (PC), bem como o peso e a altura para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC)/idade. A pressão arterial foi aferida e a composição corporal avaliada pela absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia. Questionários foram aplicados para a obtenção das variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais e estágio de maturação sexual na adolescência. A análise dos dados foi realizada no Stata e MPlus. Foram aplicados testes de hipóteses, modelos de regressão e modelagem de equações estruturais. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Como principais resultados, observou-se: 1) o maior consumo de AUP e IID-I foi associado à maior prevalência de OPN na infância; e o maior consumo de AUP e o menor consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados foram associados ao maior IID-I; 2) houve um aumento progressivo de fatores risco cardiometabólico de acordo com os fenótipos da obesidade em crianças, sendo a OPN um estado intermediário entre eutróficos sem excesso de gordura e excesso de peso; 3) a associação entre o alto consumo de AUP e risco cardiometabólico foi parcialmente explicada pelo excesso de gordura corporal, em crianças com peso normal; 4) crianças com OPN apresentaram maior risco de excesso de peso e aumento do PC na adolescência. A transição do fenótipo OPN para eutróficos sem excesso de gordura foi associada ao menor consumo de AUP e IID-I; e o maior consumo de alimentos processados foi associado à transição de eutróficos sem excesso de gordura para OPN, e da OPN para o excesso de peso. A menor ingestão de alimentos processados e a maior ingestão de ingredientes culinários foram associadas à transição da OPN para eutrófico sem excesso de gordura. Conclui-se que uma dieta de baixa qualidade pode afetar negativamente a saúde das crianças, além de influenciar a composição corporal na adolescência, mesmo com IMC/idade adequado. É importante investigar a alimentação, os fatores de risco cardiometabólico e o monitoramento da composição corporal em idades precoces, independentemente do IMC/idade. Palavras-chave: Consumo alimentar; Epidemiologia nutricional; Adiposidade; Fenótipos da obesidade; Risco cardiometabólico; Pediatria; Estudo longitudinal
Normal-weight obesity (NWO) is characterized by excess body fat in normal-weight individuals. The association of this phenotype with cardiometabolic risk has not yet been fully clarified in the pediatric population, and there is a lack of studies evaluating its relationship with the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and the Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII). This study aimed to investigate the interrelationships between food consumption, obesity phenotype, and cardiometabolic risk from childhood to adolescence. This is a prospective cohort study in which the baseline was carried out with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years from Viçosa, MG, in 2015-2016. These participants were reassessed in adolescence (15 to 18 years old) between the years 2022-2024. Food consumption was assessed through three 24-hour recalls. Foods were categorized based on the NOVA classification and the C-DII was calculated. Biochemical evaluations of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, blood glucose and insulin, uric acid, adipokines and markers of oxidative stress were performed. The homeostatic model for assessing insulin resistance was estimated. Waist circumference (WC) was measured, as well as weight and height to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI)/age. Blood pressure was measured and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Questionnaires were applied to obtain sociodemographic and behavioral variables, as well as sexual maturation stage in adolescence. Data analysis was performed using Stata and MPlus. Hypothesis tests, regression models, and structural equation modeling were applied. The significance level was 5%. The main results were: 1) higher consumption of UPF and C-DII was associated with a higher prevalence of NWO in childhood; and higher consumption of UPF and lower consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods were associated with a higher C-DII; 2) there was a progressive increase in cardiometabolic risk factors according to the obesity phenotypes in children, with NWO being an intermediate state between eutrophic without excess fat and excess weigth; 3) the association between high consumption of UPF and cardiometabolic risk was partially explained by excess body fat in children with normal weight; 4) children with NWO had a higher risk of excess weight and increased WC in adolescence. The transition from NWO to eutrophic without excess fat was associated with lower intake of UPF and C-DII; and higher intake of processed foods was associated with the transition from eutrophic without excess fat to NWO, and from NWO to excess weight. Lower intake of processed foods and higher intake of culinary ingredients were associated with the transition from NWO to eutrophic without excess fat. It is concluded that a low-quality diet can negatively affect children's health, in addition to influencing body composition in adolescence, even with an adequate BMI/age. It is important to investigate diet, cardiometabolic risk factors and monitoring of body composition at early ages, regardless of BMI/age. Keywords: Food consumption; Nutritional epidemiology; Adiposity; phenotypes; Cardiometabolic risk; Pediatrics; Longitudinal study Obesity
Normal-weight obesity (NWO) is characterized by excess body fat in normal-weight individuals. The association of this phenotype with cardiometabolic risk has not yet been fully clarified in the pediatric population, and there is a lack of studies evaluating its relationship with the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and the Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII). This study aimed to investigate the interrelationships between food consumption, obesity phenotype, and cardiometabolic risk from childhood to adolescence. This is a prospective cohort study in which the baseline was carried out with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years from Viçosa, MG, in 2015-2016. These participants were reassessed in adolescence (15 to 18 years old) between the years 2022-2024. Food consumption was assessed through three 24-hour recalls. Foods were categorized based on the NOVA classification and the C-DII was calculated. Biochemical evaluations of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, blood glucose and insulin, uric acid, adipokines and markers of oxidative stress were performed. The homeostatic model for assessing insulin resistance was estimated. Waist circumference (WC) was measured, as well as weight and height to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI)/age. Blood pressure was measured and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Questionnaires were applied to obtain sociodemographic and behavioral variables, as well as sexual maturation stage in adolescence. Data analysis was performed using Stata and MPlus. Hypothesis tests, regression models, and structural equation modeling were applied. The significance level was 5%. The main results were: 1) higher consumption of UPF and C-DII was associated with a higher prevalence of NWO in childhood; and higher consumption of UPF and lower consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods were associated with a higher C-DII; 2) there was a progressive increase in cardiometabolic risk factors according to the obesity phenotypes in children, with NWO being an intermediate state between eutrophic without excess fat and excess weigth; 3) the association between high consumption of UPF and cardiometabolic risk was partially explained by excess body fat in children with normal weight; 4) children with NWO had a higher risk of excess weight and increased WC in adolescence. The transition from NWO to eutrophic without excess fat was associated with lower intake of UPF and C-DII; and higher intake of processed foods was associated with the transition from eutrophic without excess fat to NWO, and from NWO to excess weight. Lower intake of processed foods and higher intake of culinary ingredients were associated with the transition from NWO to eutrophic without excess fat. It is concluded that a low-quality diet can negatively affect children's health, in addition to influencing body composition in adolescence, even with an adequate BMI/age. It is important to investigate diet, cardiometabolic risk factors and monitoring of body composition at early ages, regardless of BMI/age. Keywords: Food consumption; Nutritional epidemiology; Adiposity; phenotypes; Cardiometabolic risk; Pediatrics; Longitudinal study Obesity
Description
Citation
COTA, Bruna Clemente. Inter-relações entre o consumo alimentar, fenótipo da obesidade e risco cardiometabólico desde a infância até a adolescência: estudo PASE. 2025. 238 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
