Análise cariotípica de populações de Melipona capixaba (Hymenoptera, Apidae) do Espírito Santo/ES
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
As abelhas exercem um papel crucial na manutenção da biodiversidade, atuando como polinizadores de plantas silvestres e cultivadas. Entre elas, Melipona capixaba, conhecida como uruçu preta, é uma espécie endêmica da região serrana do Espírito Santo e encontra-se ameaçada de extinção. Considerando a importância da caracterização genética para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas, este trabalho objetivou revelar o cariótipo, mapear genes ribossomais (rDNA18S), localizar regiões ricas em AT/CG e mapear os microssatélites (GA)15, (TTAGG)6 e (TCAGG)6 em diferentes populações de M. capixaba. Foram analisadas 24 colônias (nove populações), utilizando-se coloração convencional, banda C, coloração sequencial CMA/DAPI e hibridização in situ fluorescente com sondas de rDNA 18S e microssatélites. Os resultados confirmam o número cromossômico 2n= 18 cromossomos em fêmeas e n=9 em machos em todas as populações e revelam presença de três citótipos estruturais, a partir de variações do par cromossômico 9. O citótipo GG possui dois cromossomos homólogos grandes; o GP possui um cromossomo maior e um menor e o PP possui dois cromossomos pequenos, de mesmo tamanho. O trabalho também identificou um cromossomo B em todas as oito populações. A heterocromatina distribuía-se por quase toda a extensão dos cromossomos, enquanto regiões eucromáticas CMA3+/DAPI- e restringira as extremidades dos cromossomos. Foi identificado único sítio de rDNA na região terminal do par 4 em todos os citótipos e as sondas de microssatélites marcaram as extremidades de todos os cromossomos. Os resultados indicam um cariótipo numericamente conservado, porém estruturalmente distinto, influenciado por amplificações de heterocromatina no par 9. A ampla distribuição dos citótipos e a presença de cromossomos B em todas as populações analisadas sugerem elevada variabilidade estrutural intrapopulacional, associada à dinâmica de sequências repetitivas e à transmissão não mendeliana desses elementos, sem evidência de estruturação geográfica entre as populações. Palavras-chave: citogenética; cromossomos; extinção; FISH; microssatélites
Bees play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, acting as pollinators of wild and cultivated plants. Among them, Melipona capixaba, known as the “uruçu-preta,” is an endemic species from the mountainous region of Espírito Santo and is currently threatened with extinction. Considering the importance of genetic characterization for the conservation of endangered species, this study aimed to characterize the karyotype, map ribosomal genes (18S rDNA), identify AT/CG-rich regions, and map the microsatellites (GA), (TTAGG), and (TCAGG) in different populations of M. capixaba.A total of 24 colonies (nine populations) were analyzed using conventional staining, C-banding, sequential CMA/DAPI staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA and microsatellite probes. The results confirmed a chromosome number of 2n = 18 in females and n = 9 in males across all populations and revealed the presence of three structural cytotypes, based on variations in chromosome pair 9. The GG cytotype presents two large homologous chromosomes; the GP cytotype presents one large and one small chromosome; and the PP cytotype presents two small chromosomes of equal size.The study also identified the presence of a B chromosome in all analyzed populations. Heterochromatin was distributed along most of the chromosome length, whereas CMA/DAPI euchromatic regions were restricted to the chromosomal ends. A single rDNA site was identified at the terminal region of chromosome pair 4 in all cytotypes, and microsatellite probes showed signals at the ends of all chromosomes.The results indicate a numerically conserved but structurally distinct karyotype, influenced by heterochromatin amplification in chromosome pair 9. The widespread distribution of cytotypes and the presence of B chromosomes in all populations suggest high intrapopulation structural variability, associated with the dynamics of repetitive sequences and the non-Mendelian transmission of these elements, with no evidence of geographic structuring among populations. Keywords: cytogenetics; chromosomes; extinction; FISH; microsatellites
Bees play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, acting as pollinators of wild and cultivated plants. Among them, Melipona capixaba, known as the “uruçu-preta,” is an endemic species from the mountainous region of Espírito Santo and is currently threatened with extinction. Considering the importance of genetic characterization for the conservation of endangered species, this study aimed to characterize the karyotype, map ribosomal genes (18S rDNA), identify AT/CG-rich regions, and map the microsatellites (GA), (TTAGG), and (TCAGG) in different populations of M. capixaba.A total of 24 colonies (nine populations) were analyzed using conventional staining, C-banding, sequential CMA/DAPI staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA and microsatellite probes. The results confirmed a chromosome number of 2n = 18 in females and n = 9 in males across all populations and revealed the presence of three structural cytotypes, based on variations in chromosome pair 9. The GG cytotype presents two large homologous chromosomes; the GP cytotype presents one large and one small chromosome; and the PP cytotype presents two small chromosomes of equal size.The study also identified the presence of a B chromosome in all analyzed populations. Heterochromatin was distributed along most of the chromosome length, whereas CMA/DAPI euchromatic regions were restricted to the chromosomal ends. A single rDNA site was identified at the terminal region of chromosome pair 4 in all cytotypes, and microsatellite probes showed signals at the ends of all chromosomes.The results indicate a numerically conserved but structurally distinct karyotype, influenced by heterochromatin amplification in chromosome pair 9. The widespread distribution of cytotypes and the presence of B chromosomes in all populations suggest high intrapopulation structural variability, associated with the dynamics of repetitive sequences and the non-Mendelian transmission of these elements, with no evidence of geographic structuring among populations. Keywords: cytogenetics; chromosomes; extinction; FISH; microsatellites
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SOARES, Ana Luiza Moreira. Análise cariotípica de populações de Melipona capixaba (Hymenoptera, Apidae) do Espírito Santo/ES. 2026. 37 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Celular e Estrutural) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
