Alterações físicas e de estoques de C e N em latossolos oxídicos sob agricultura intensiva
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A agricultura tem grande importância para suprir a demanda mundial por alimentos. No entanto, esse setor enfrenta muitos desafios relacionados a instabilidade climática, como secas e/ou chuvas irregulares. A qualidade do solo desempenha um papel fundamental na produtividade das culturas agrícolas, pois mudanças nas propriedades físicas do solo afetam diretamente a saúde das plantas e a eficiência com que elas absorvem água e nutrientes. Assim, um estudo foi conduzido com os objetivos de: (i) avaliar as alterações dos atributos físicos de Latossolos oxídicos em áreas de cultivo irrigado e de sequeiro com alta e baixa produtividades; e (ii) avaliar os estoques de C e N de Latossolos oxídicos sob uso irrigado e sequeiro sob cultivo intensivo Para tanto, foram avaliados parâmetros físicos, tais como: resistência à penetração em campo e com a umidade ajustada, densidade do solo e de partículas, argila dispersa em água, condutividade hidráulica saturada e insaturada, curva de retenção de água, microporosidade, resistência tênsil, pressão de pré-consolidação e grau de compactação. Também foram avaliados os estoques de C e N das frações orgânica particulada (MOP) e associada aos minerais (MOAM). A partir dos resultados obtidos foram estimados: macroporosidade, índice S, capacidade de água disponível, friabilidade e o índice de compressibilidade do solo. A caracterização química de rotina das amostras foi realizada para obter os parâmetros químicos do solo. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro áreas cultivadas com cereais e fibras localizadas na região do Alto Paranaíba/MG, sendo: dois sistemas de produção (irrigado e sequeiro) e dois níveis de produtividade (alta e baixa). Utilizou-se o delineamento sistemático com esquema de parcelas subdivididas, onde os tratamentos principais (parcelas) consistiram nos sistemas de produção e as subparcelas consistiram nas profundidades, sendo estas de casualização restrita. Inicialmente os dados foram submetidos à uma análise de componentes principais visando selecionar as variáveis que melhor explicassem a variabilidade entre as áreas. Em seguida, os sistemas de produção foram avaliados com base no teste F da análise de variância, e, o desdobramento da interação entre sistemas de produção × profundidades foi realizado, independentemente da significância. As médias entre profundidades foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, enquanto as áreas de alta e baixa produtividade foram comparadas pelo teste t, ambos até 10% de significância. A análise de componentes principais, indicou que a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a porosidade do solo, a densidade do solo, C e N da fração associada aos minerais e a resistência à penetração de campo foram as variáveis que mais explicaram a variabilidade entre as áreas. A densidade do solo não apresentou diferenças significativas entre as áreas irrigadas e de sequeiro, em nenhuma das profundidades estudadas. Quando comparadas as produtividades, a densidade do solo foi maior na primeira profundidade para as duas áreas de baixa produtividade, na segunda e quarta profundidades da área irrigada e na terceira da área de sequeiro de alta produtividade. Para microporosidade, a área de sequeiro de alta produtividade foi superior a irrigada na terceira profundidade, enquanto que nas áreas de baixa produtividade, a área de sequeiro foi superior a irrigada em todas as profundidades. Na comparação entre as produtividades, a microporosidade foi maior nas áreas de baixa produtividade para áreas irrigadas e de sequeiro em todas as profundidades, com exceção à primeira profundidade das áreas irrigadas. Já para macroporosidade, nenhuma diferença entre os sistemas de produção foi observada, enquanto que na comparação entre produtividades, a área de sequeiro de alta produtividade apresentou os maiores valores, enquanto que nas irrigadas, a primeira e a última profundidade da área de baixa produtividade foi superior. Para a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a área de sequeiro de alta produtividade apresentou maiores valores nas duas últimas profundidades, comparada a área irrigada, o mesmo comportamento foi observado na primeira e terceira profundidades das áreas de baixa produtividade. Comparando as produtividades, as áreas de baixa produtividade apresentaram maiores valores quando comparadas às de alta produtividade, seja para irrigado ou sequeiro, salvo a primeira profundidade da área irrigada, que apresentou similaridade estatística. Quando avaliado a resistência à penetração, nas áreas de alta produtividade, a área de sequeiro apresentou aumento significativo em relação a irrigada a partir de 20 cm de profundidade, enquanto que nas áreas de baixa produtividade, a área irrigada foi a que apresentou maiores valores de resistência à penetração em relação à de sequeiro a partir de 10 cm de profundidade até, aproximadamente, 30 cm. A área irrigada de baixa produtividade apresentou maiores valores de resistência à penetração comparada com a área de alta, em todas as profundidades, o mesmo foi observado para as áreas de sequeiro, mas somente até a segunda profundidade. Para C e N da fração MOAM, nas áreas de alta produtividade, apenas houve diferenças entre as áreas na última profundidade, onde a área irrigada, apresentou os maiores valores de estoques, enquanto que nas áreas de baixa produtividade, C-MOAM não apresentou nenhuma diferença, N-MOAM, foi superior na terceira profundidade da área irrigada. Comparando as produtividades, C-MOAM apresentou similaridade entre as profundidades, em todas as situações, já N-MOAM teve maiores estoques nas duas primeiras profundidades das áreas de alta produtividade, seja na área irrigada ou de sequeiro. Concluiu-se que a resistência à penetração e a macroporosidade são as propriedades físicas que mais estão afetando o desenvolvimento radicular e, consequentemente, afetando a produtividade. A irrigação aumenta os estoques de C e N foi confirmado, principalmente nas frações associadas aos minerais, porém, quando se trata de melhorar a qualidade do solo, a irrigação não apresentou diferenças em relação as áreas de sequeiro. Palavras-chave: Atributos físicos; Manejo do solo; Estoques de C e N; Cultivo irrigado; Cultivo em sequeiro; Sistemas conservacionistas; Índice de qualidade física do solo.
Agriculture is of great importance in meeting the world's demand for food. However, this sector faces many challenges related to climate instability, such as droughts and/or irregular rainfall. Soil quality plays a fundamental role in the productivity of agricultural crops, as changes in the soil's physical properties directly affect plant health and the efficiency with which they absorb water and nutrients. Therefore, a study was conducted with the objectives of: (i) evaluating changes in the physical attributes of oxide latosols in irrigated and rainfed areas with high and low yields; and (ii) evaluating the C and N stocks of oxide latosols under irrigated and rainfed use under intensive cultivation To this end, physical parameters were evaluated, such as: penetration resistance in the field and with adjusted humidity, soil and particle density, water-dispersed clay, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention curve, microporosity, tensile strength, pre-consolidation pressure and degree of compaction. The C and N stocks of the particulate organic (MOP) and mineral-associated (MOAM) fractions were also assessed. From the results obtained, the following were estimated: macroporosity, S index, available water capacity, friability and the soil compressibility index. Routine chemical characterization of the samples was carried out to obtain the soil's chemical parameters. The study was conducted in four areas cultivated with cereals and fibers located in the Alto Paranaíba/MG region, with two production systems (irrigated and rainfed) and two productivity levels (high and low). A systematic design was used with subdivided plots, where the main treatments (plots) consisted of the production systems and the subplots consisted of the depths, which were randomized. Initially, the data was subjected to principal component analysis in order to select the variables that best explained the variability between the areas. Next, the production systems were evaluated using the F test from the analysis of variance, and the interaction between production systems × depths was split, regardless of significance. The means between depths were compared using the Tukey test, while the high and low productivity areas were compared using the t-test, both up to 10% significance. Principal component analysis indicated that saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil porosity, soil density, C and N of the fraction associated with minerals and field penetration resistance were the variables that most explained the variability between areas. There were no significant differences in soil density between the irrigated and rainfed areas at any of the depths studied. When comparing yields, soil density was higher at the first depth for the two low-yield areas, at the second and fourth depths for the irrigated area and at the third depth for the high-yield rainfed area. For microporosity, the high-yield rainfed area was superior to the irrigated area at the third depth, while in the low-yield areas, the rainfed area was superior to the irrigated area at all depths. When comparing yields, microporosity was higher in the low-yield areas for irrigated and rainfed areas at all depths, with the exception of the first depth in the irrigated areas. As for macroporosity, no difference was observed between the production systems, while in the comparison between yields, the high-yield rainfed area had the highest values, while in the irrigated areas, the first and last depths of the low-yield area were higher. For saturated hydraulic conductivity, the high-yield rainfed area showed higher values in the last two depths compared to the irrigated area, and the same behavior was observed in the first and third depths of the low-yield areas. When comparing yields, the low yield areas showed higher values when compared to the high yield areas, whether irrigated or rainfed, except for the first depth of the irrigated area, which showed statistical similarity. When assessing penetration resistance, in the high productivity areas, the rainfed area showed a significant increase compared to the irrigated area from a depth of 20 cm, while in the low productivity areas, the irrigated area showed higher penetration resistance values compared to the rainfed area from a depth of 10 cm to approximately 30 cm. The low productivity irrigated area showed higher penetration resistance values compared to the high productivity area at all depths, and the same was observed for the rainfed areas, but only up to the second depth. For C and N of the MOAM fraction, in the high productivity areas, there were only differences between the areas at the last depth, where the irrigated area showed the highest stock values, while in the low productivity areas, C-MOAM showed no difference, N- MOAM was higher at the third depth in the irrigated area. Comparing the yields, C- MOAM showed similarity between the depths in all situations, while N-MOAM had higher stocks in the first two depths of the high-yield areas, whether irrigated or rainfed. It was concluded that penetration resistance and macroporosity are the physical properties that are most affecting root development and, consequently, productivity. It was confirmed that irrigation increases C and N stocks, especially in the fractions associated with minerals, but when it comes to improving soil quality, irrigation showed no differences compared to rainfed areas. Keywords: Physical attributes; Soil management; C and N stocks; Irrigatedcultivation; Rainfed cultivation; Conservation systems; Soil physical quality index.
Agriculture is of great importance in meeting the world's demand for food. However, this sector faces many challenges related to climate instability, such as droughts and/or irregular rainfall. Soil quality plays a fundamental role in the productivity of agricultural crops, as changes in the soil's physical properties directly affect plant health and the efficiency with which they absorb water and nutrients. Therefore, a study was conducted with the objectives of: (i) evaluating changes in the physical attributes of oxide latosols in irrigated and rainfed areas with high and low yields; and (ii) evaluating the C and N stocks of oxide latosols under irrigated and rainfed use under intensive cultivation To this end, physical parameters were evaluated, such as: penetration resistance in the field and with adjusted humidity, soil and particle density, water-dispersed clay, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention curve, microporosity, tensile strength, pre-consolidation pressure and degree of compaction. The C and N stocks of the particulate organic (MOP) and mineral-associated (MOAM) fractions were also assessed. From the results obtained, the following were estimated: macroporosity, S index, available water capacity, friability and the soil compressibility index. Routine chemical characterization of the samples was carried out to obtain the soil's chemical parameters. The study was conducted in four areas cultivated with cereals and fibers located in the Alto Paranaíba/MG region, with two production systems (irrigated and rainfed) and two productivity levels (high and low). A systematic design was used with subdivided plots, where the main treatments (plots) consisted of the production systems and the subplots consisted of the depths, which were randomized. Initially, the data was subjected to principal component analysis in order to select the variables that best explained the variability between the areas. Next, the production systems were evaluated using the F test from the analysis of variance, and the interaction between production systems × depths was split, regardless of significance. The means between depths were compared using the Tukey test, while the high and low productivity areas were compared using the t-test, both up to 10% significance. Principal component analysis indicated that saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil porosity, soil density, C and N of the fraction associated with minerals and field penetration resistance were the variables that most explained the variability between areas. There were no significant differences in soil density between the irrigated and rainfed areas at any of the depths studied. When comparing yields, soil density was higher at the first depth for the two low-yield areas, at the second and fourth depths for the irrigated area and at the third depth for the high-yield rainfed area. For microporosity, the high-yield rainfed area was superior to the irrigated area at the third depth, while in the low-yield areas, the rainfed area was superior to the irrigated area at all depths. When comparing yields, microporosity was higher in the low-yield areas for irrigated and rainfed areas at all depths, with the exception of the first depth in the irrigated areas. As for macroporosity, no difference was observed between the production systems, while in the comparison between yields, the high-yield rainfed area had the highest values, while in the irrigated areas, the first and last depths of the low-yield area were higher. For saturated hydraulic conductivity, the high-yield rainfed area showed higher values in the last two depths compared to the irrigated area, and the same behavior was observed in the first and third depths of the low-yield areas. When comparing yields, the low yield areas showed higher values when compared to the high yield areas, whether irrigated or rainfed, except for the first depth of the irrigated area, which showed statistical similarity. When assessing penetration resistance, in the high productivity areas, the rainfed area showed a significant increase compared to the irrigated area from a depth of 20 cm, while in the low productivity areas, the irrigated area showed higher penetration resistance values compared to the rainfed area from a depth of 10 cm to approximately 30 cm. The low productivity irrigated area showed higher penetration resistance values compared to the high productivity area at all depths, and the same was observed for the rainfed areas, but only up to the second depth. For C and N of the MOAM fraction, in the high productivity areas, there were only differences between the areas at the last depth, where the irrigated area showed the highest stock values, while in the low productivity areas, C-MOAM showed no difference, N- MOAM was higher at the third depth in the irrigated area. Comparing the yields, C- MOAM showed similarity between the depths in all situations, while N-MOAM had higher stocks in the first two depths of the high-yield areas, whether irrigated or rainfed. It was concluded that penetration resistance and macroporosity are the physical properties that are most affecting root development and, consequently, productivity. It was confirmed that irrigation increases C and N stocks, especially in the fractions associated with minerals, but when it comes to improving soil quality, irrigation showed no differences compared to rainfed areas. Keywords: Physical attributes; Soil management; C and N stocks; Irrigatedcultivation; Rainfed cultivation; Conservation systems; Soil physical quality index.
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GENOVA, Jhuliendri Bortoluzzi. Alterações físicas e de estoques de C e N em latossolos oxídicos sob agricultura intensiva. 2024. 97 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
