Utilização de resíduos da indústria de cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis como indutores de vias de resistência a nematoides em plantas de soja
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A soja é uma importante cultura para a economia brasileira, que passou a ocupar, em 2020, a posição de maior produtor mundial do grão. Como a maioria das culturas, a soja também apresenta pragas que interferem na produção, na qualidade e no desenvolvimento. Entre os inimigos da soja se encontram os fitonematoides, vermes microscópicos, que retiram nutrientes das plantas, gerando deficiências nutricionais. Entre os fitonematoides estudados por parasitar a soja está o Melodoigyne incognita, conhecido como nematoide-das-galhas. Para manejar estas pragas é necessário a utilização de medidas de controle diversas, por exemplo, associação de resistência genética, rotação de culturas e controle biológico, por exemplo, utilizando fungos nematófagos. A inoculação dos fungos na soja pode induzir a plantas a apresentarem mecanismos de defesa contra possíveis patógenos, ativando ou reprimindo a expressão de determinados genes. Utilizando RT-qPCR analisamos de genes marcadores de fitormônios: JAR1 (Ácido jasmônico), ETR (Etileno), SAMT (Ácido salicílico), ATAF1 (Ácido abscísico); e também dois genes que antes foram associados a infecção por nematoides: HS1-PRO1 e CHS. Realizamos as análises de tratamentos com nematoides, resíduos fúngicos (Pleurotus eryngii e Lentinula edodes), e nematoides e resíduos fúngicos de forma concomitante, em plantas de soja da cultivar Desafio. A inoculação de M. incognita levou ao aumento da expressão dos genes marcadores de Ácido jasmônico e etileno, e redução da expressão do marcador de ácido abscísico. Verificou-se ainda aumento na expressão do gene CHS, enzima chave na biossíntese de flavonoides, com ação antimicrobiana. Os resíduos quando adicionados sem a presença do nematoide induziram genes presentes nas vias relacionadas aos hormônios vegetais, como Ácido salicílico, Ácido jasmônico e etileno. Em contrapartida, quando associados ao nematoide, prevalece a ativação da via de Ácido abscísico, utilizando P. eryngii, e Ácido salicílico no tratamento com L.edodes. A associação do resíduo de L. edodes e nematoides também levou ao aumento da expressão genica de HS1-PRO1, marcador de resistência em beterraba contra Heterodera schachtii. Os resíduos fúngicos além da ação nematicida já comprovada, aparentemente apresentam grande potencial como eliciadores de respostas de defesa na soja, induzindo a expressão de genes importantes das vias de hormônios vegetais.Palavras-chave: Controle de fitonematoides. Nematoide-das-galhas. Resíduos agroindustriais. Eliciadores de resistência.
Soybean is an important crop for the Brazilian economy, which in 2020 became the world's largest producer of grain. Like most crops, soybeans also have pests that interfere with production, quality, and development. Among the enemies of soybeans are phytonematodes, microscopic worms that remove nutrients from plants, generating nutritional deficiencies. Among the phytonematodes studied for parasitizing soybeans is Melodoigyne incognita, known as root-knot nematode. To manage these pests, it is necessary to use different control measures, for example, the association of genetic resistance, crop rotation, and biological control, for example, using nematophagous fungi. The inoculation of fungi in soybean can induce plants to present defense mechanisms against possible pathogens, activating or repressing the expression of certain genes. Using RT-qPCR, we analyzed phytohormone marker genes: JAR1 (Jasmonic acid), ETR (Ethylene), SAMT (Salicylic acid), ATAF1 (Abscisic acid); and also two genes that were previously associated with nematode infection: HS1-PRO1 and CHS. We performed analyzes of treatments with nematodes, fungal residues (Pleurotus eryngii and Lentinula edodes), and nematodes and fungal residues concomitantly in soybean plants of the Desafio cultivar. Inoculation of M. incognita led to increased expression of jasmonic acid and ethylene marker genes, and reduced expression of the abscisic acid marker. There was also an increase in the expression of the CHS gene, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, with antimicrobial action. The residues when added without the presence of the nematode induced genes present in the pathways related to plant hormones, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. On the other hand, when associated with the nematode, the activation of the abscisic acid pathway prevails, using P. eryngii, and salicylic acid in the treatment with L.edodes. The association of the L. edodes residue and nematodes also led to an increase in the gene expression of HS1-PRO1, a resistance marker in beet against Heterodera schachtii. Fungal residues, in addition to the already proven nematicide action, apparently have great potential as elicitors of defense responses in soybeans, inducing the expression of important genes in plant hormone pathways.Keywords: Control of phytonematodes. Root-knot nematode. Agroindustrial residues. Resistance Elicitors.
Soybean is an important crop for the Brazilian economy, which in 2020 became the world's largest producer of grain. Like most crops, soybeans also have pests that interfere with production, quality, and development. Among the enemies of soybeans are phytonematodes, microscopic worms that remove nutrients from plants, generating nutritional deficiencies. Among the phytonematodes studied for parasitizing soybeans is Melodoigyne incognita, known as root-knot nematode. To manage these pests, it is necessary to use different control measures, for example, the association of genetic resistance, crop rotation, and biological control, for example, using nematophagous fungi. The inoculation of fungi in soybean can induce plants to present defense mechanisms against possible pathogens, activating or repressing the expression of certain genes. Using RT-qPCR, we analyzed phytohormone marker genes: JAR1 (Jasmonic acid), ETR (Ethylene), SAMT (Salicylic acid), ATAF1 (Abscisic acid); and also two genes that were previously associated with nematode infection: HS1-PRO1 and CHS. We performed analyzes of treatments with nematodes, fungal residues (Pleurotus eryngii and Lentinula edodes), and nematodes and fungal residues concomitantly in soybean plants of the Desafio cultivar. Inoculation of M. incognita led to increased expression of jasmonic acid and ethylene marker genes, and reduced expression of the abscisic acid marker. There was also an increase in the expression of the CHS gene, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, with antimicrobial action. The residues when added without the presence of the nematode induced genes present in the pathways related to plant hormones, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. On the other hand, when associated with the nematode, the activation of the abscisic acid pathway prevails, using P. eryngii, and salicylic acid in the treatment with L.edodes. The association of the L. edodes residue and nematodes also led to an increase in the gene expression of HS1-PRO1, a resistance marker in beet against Heterodera schachtii. Fungal residues, in addition to the already proven nematicide action, apparently have great potential as elicitors of defense responses in soybeans, inducing the expression of important genes in plant hormone pathways.Keywords: Control of phytonematodes. Root-knot nematode. Agroindustrial residues. Resistance Elicitors.
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VARGAS, Brizza Fernandes dos Santos. Utilização de resíduos da indústria de cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis como indutores de vias de resistência a nematoides em plantas de soja. 2022. 64 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2022.
