Bioconversão de glicerina bruta da indústria do biodiesel em 1,3- propanodiol por bactérias isoladas de amostras ambientais
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O biodiesel é produzido por meio de reações de transesterificação entre óleos vegetais ou gorduras animais e álcoois (metanol ou etanol), resultando na formação de ésteres metílicos ou etílicos e glicerina bruta. Composto por glicerol, sabões, álcool, sais inorgânicos, ácidos graxos livres e outras matérias orgânicas, esse co- produto da indústria do biodiesel pode ser utilizado como substrato para produção microbiana de 1,3-propanodiol. Este diol tem sido produzido principalmente por vias petroquímicas e utilizado na produção de poliésteres, poliéteres, poliuretanos, solventes, adesivos, laminados, resinas, detergentes, anticongelantes e cosméticos. Neste trabalho, amostras de líquido de rúmen, solo, esgoto e dejetos suínos foram enriquecidas em meio contendo 5 % (v/v) de glicerina bruta, resultando no isolamento de 48 culturas produtoras de 1,3-propanodiol. As amostras de solo, esgoto e dejetos suínos contribuíram com 31, 12 e cinco culturas, respectivamente. Duas dessas culturas foram selecionadas para novos estudos e identificadas como Clostridium butyricum Sb06 e Klebsiella pneumoniae Ec18. K. pneumoniae Ec18 apresentou crescimento em concentrações de substrato (glicerol ou glicerina bruta) e 1,3-propanodiol de 200 e 80 g/L, respectivamente. Por outro lado, o crescimento de C. butyricum Sb06 foi totalmente inibido em concentrações de 160 e 40 g/L de substrato e 1,3-propanodiol, respectivamente. O crescimento dos isolados C. butyricum Sb06 e K. pneumoniae Ec18 foi favorecido em condições de neutralidade e os produtos da fermentação mais inibitórios ao crescimento foram o butirato e o acetato, respectivamente. O crescimento de C. butyricum Sb06 em meio basal, com e sem controle do pH do meio de cultivo, foi limitado a concentração de aproximadamente 1,5 g/L de biomassa, o que limitou a produção de 1,3-propanodiol em 10,23 g/L, com rendimento de 0,56 mol1,3-propanodiol/molglicerol. O controle do pH do meio de cultivo de K. pneumoniae Ec18 resultou em aumento de 2,5 vezes na formação de biomassa e produção 13,96 e 21,43 g/L de 1,3-propanodiol, com rendimento de 0,43 e 0,42 mol1,3-propanodiol/molglicerol, em meio contendo 40 e 80 g/L de glicerina bruta, respectivamente. As condições de cultivo de K. pneumoniae Ec18, na presença de 80 g/L de glicerina bruta, foram otimizadas utilizando de forma sequencial o delineamento fatorial fracionado e a metodologia de superfície de resposta, resultando em aumento de 56 % na concentração final de 1,3-propanodiol e de 22 % no rendimento de 1,3-propanodiol, em relação ao cultivo nas condições não- otimizadas. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que o isolado K. pneumoniae Ec18 possui potencial para bioconversão de glicerina bruta em 1,3-propanodiol. Entretanto, outros estudos deverão ser realizados para a adequação do sistema de cultivo e a redução da formação de co-produtos da fermentação que competem com a formação de 1,3-propanodiol.
Biodiesel is produced by transesterification between vegetable oils or animal fats and alcohols (methanol or ethanol), a reaction that results in methyl or ethyl esters and crude glycerin. Composed of glycerol, soaps, alcohols, inorganic salts, free fatty acids and other organic matter, the crude glycerin can be used as a substrate for microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. This diol has been mainly produced by petrochemical routes and applied industrially for the production of polyesters, polyethers, polyurethans, solvents, adhesives, laminates, resins, detergents, antifreeze and cosmetics. In this study, samples of ruminal fluid, soil, sewage and pig manure were enriched in medium containing 5 % (v/v) of crude glycerin, resulting in the isolation of 48 cultures that produced 1,3-propanediol. The soil samples, sewage and pig manure contributed with 31, 12 and five cultures, respectively. Two cultures were selected for further studies and identified as Clostridium butyricum Sb06 and Klebsiella pneumoniae Ec18. K. pneumoniae Ec18 grew in concentrations of substrate (glycerol or crude glycerin) and 1,3-propanediol of 200 and 80 g/L, respectively. On the other hand, the growth of C. butyricum Sb06 was completely inhibited at concentrations of 160 and 40 g/L of substrate and 1,3-propanediol, respectively. The growth of C. butyricum Sb06 and K. pneumoniae Ec18 was favored by pH values near neutrality and butyrate and acetate, respectively, were the most inhibitory products of substrate fermentation. The growth of C. butyricum Sb06 in basal medium, with and without pH control, reached approximately 1.5 g/L of biomass, which limited the production of 1,3-propanediol in 10.23 g/L, with a yield of 0.56 mol1,3-propanediol/molglicerol. The biomass formation by K. pneumoniae Ec18 grown in medium with controlled pH increased 2.5 times when compared to the uncontrolled pH cultivation. With pH control the production of 1,3-propanediol reached 13.96 and 21.43 g/L, and the yield was 0.43 and 0.42 mol1,3- propanediol/molglicerol in medium containing 40 and 80 g/L of crude glycerin, respectively. The culture conditions of K. pneumoniae Ec18 in the presence of 80 g/L of crude glycerin were sequentially optimized using the fractional factorial design and response surface methodology, resulting in an increase of 56 % in the final concentration of 1,3-propanediol and 22 % in the yield of 1,3-propanediol, when compared to cultivation in non-optimized conditions. These results indicate that K. pneumoniae Ec18 has potential for bioconversion of crude glycerin to 1,3- propanediol. However, further studies are needed to improve the cultivation system and reduce the formation of by-products that compete with 1,3-propanediol formation.
Biodiesel is produced by transesterification between vegetable oils or animal fats and alcohols (methanol or ethanol), a reaction that results in methyl or ethyl esters and crude glycerin. Composed of glycerol, soaps, alcohols, inorganic salts, free fatty acids and other organic matter, the crude glycerin can be used as a substrate for microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. This diol has been mainly produced by petrochemical routes and applied industrially for the production of polyesters, polyethers, polyurethans, solvents, adhesives, laminates, resins, detergents, antifreeze and cosmetics. In this study, samples of ruminal fluid, soil, sewage and pig manure were enriched in medium containing 5 % (v/v) of crude glycerin, resulting in the isolation of 48 cultures that produced 1,3-propanediol. The soil samples, sewage and pig manure contributed with 31, 12 and five cultures, respectively. Two cultures were selected for further studies and identified as Clostridium butyricum Sb06 and Klebsiella pneumoniae Ec18. K. pneumoniae Ec18 grew in concentrations of substrate (glycerol or crude glycerin) and 1,3-propanediol of 200 and 80 g/L, respectively. On the other hand, the growth of C. butyricum Sb06 was completely inhibited at concentrations of 160 and 40 g/L of substrate and 1,3-propanediol, respectively. The growth of C. butyricum Sb06 and K. pneumoniae Ec18 was favored by pH values near neutrality and butyrate and acetate, respectively, were the most inhibitory products of substrate fermentation. The growth of C. butyricum Sb06 in basal medium, with and without pH control, reached approximately 1.5 g/L of biomass, which limited the production of 1,3-propanediol in 10.23 g/L, with a yield of 0.56 mol1,3-propanediol/molglicerol. The biomass formation by K. pneumoniae Ec18 grown in medium with controlled pH increased 2.5 times when compared to the uncontrolled pH cultivation. With pH control the production of 1,3-propanediol reached 13.96 and 21.43 g/L, and the yield was 0.43 and 0.42 mol1,3- propanediol/molglicerol in medium containing 40 and 80 g/L of crude glycerin, respectively. The culture conditions of K. pneumoniae Ec18 in the presence of 80 g/L of crude glycerin were sequentially optimized using the fractional factorial design and response surface methodology, resulting in an increase of 56 % in the final concentration of 1,3-propanediol and 22 % in the yield of 1,3-propanediol, when compared to cultivation in non-optimized conditions. These results indicate that K. pneumoniae Ec18 has potential for bioconversion of crude glycerin to 1,3- propanediol. However, further studies are needed to improve the cultivation system and reduce the formation of by-products that compete with 1,3-propanediol formation.
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MELO, Marcelo Rodrigues de. Bioconversão de glicerina bruta da indústria do biodiesel em 1,3- propanodiol por bactérias isoladas de amostras ambientais. 2011. 145 f. Tese (Doutorado em Microbiologia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2011.
