Volume de calda e espectro de gotas na eficácia de herbicidas em aplicação terrestre e aérea por meio de aeronave remotamente pilotada
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Os avanços nos equipamentos para aplicação de herbicidas revolucionaram o setor, permitindo o uso de volumes de calda muito abaixo dos indicados nas bulas para a maioria dos produtos. Essa tendência, aliada ao crescimento do uso de aeronaves remotamente pilotada (ARP, ou drones) e à busca por maior eficiência operacional, tem ampliado as opções para manejo de plantas daninhas e dessecação pré- colheita. No entanto, ainda há carência de informações técnicas sobre a eficácia de aplicações em baixo volume, especialmente para herbicidas translocados via xilema e dessecantes de contato, bem como sobre a interação entre volume de calda e espectro de gotas. Este trabalho é composto por duas pesquisas com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do volume de calda e do espectro de gotas sobre a qualidade de aplicação e a eficácia da dessecação e controle de plantas daninhas. Na primeira pesquisa (Capítulo 1), avaliou-se a aplicação de diquat (400 g i.a. ha?¹) em cinco volumes de calda, sendo quatro via ARP (5, 10, 15 e 20 L ha?¹) e um terrestre (200 L ha?¹) para dessecação do feijoeiro em pré-colheita, em duas épocas (verão-outono e outono-inverno). Nas aplicações com ARP, a cada 1 L ha?¹ de aumento no volume, houve incremento de 8,2 gotas cm?² e 0,3% na cobertura. Todos os tratamentos proporcionaram 100% de desfolha até 11 dias após aplicação (DAA) e anteciparam a colheita em até 15 dias, sem afetar a produtividade. Conclui-se que a dessecação pode ser realizada eficientemente via ARP com volumes de 5 a 20 L ha?¹. Na segunda pesquisa (Capítulo 2), avaliou-se quatro volumes de calda (35, 70, 140 e 280 L ha?¹) e dois espectros de gotas (médias – DMV 292 µm e muito grossas – DMV 466 µm) para aplicação de atrazine (2 kg i.a. ha?¹ + 0,5% v/v óleo vegetal) com pulverizador tratorizado, analisando qualidade de aplicação [densidade de gotas (gotas cm-2), cobertura (%) e deposição] e eficácia no controle de plantas daninhas no milho. A densidade de gotas e a cobertura aumentaram até cerca de 140 L ha?¹, com tendência de estabilização. Gotas médias proporcionaram maior densidade e cobertura nos volumes de 140 e 280 L ha?¹. A deposição do herbicida, avaliada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), foi superior a 91%, demonstrando retenção proporcional a dose aplicada. O controle foi de 88% (35 L ha?¹) a 98% (=70 L ha?¹), sem influência do espectro de gotas, e não houve variação na produtividade, evitando perdas entre 24 e 34%. Conclui-se que, para aplicação de atrazine com pulverizador tratorizado, deve-se usar volumes a partir de 70 L ha?¹, com gotas médias a muito grossas. A utilização de baixos volumes de calda, associada a adjuvantes e tecnologia de aplicação adequada, mantém alta eficiência agronômica na dessecação pré-colheita e no controle de plantas daninhas, otimizando o uso de insumos, reduzindo custos e aumentando a autonomia das operações agrícolas. Palavras-chave: porcentagem de cobertura; densidade de gotas; herbicida; drone; baixo volume
Advances in herbicide application equipment have revolutionized the sector, enabling the use of spray volumes well below those recommended on product labels for most chemicals. This trend, combined with the increasing use of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA, or drones) and the pursuit of greater operational efficiency, has expanded the options for weed management and pre-harvest desiccation. However, there is still a lack of technical information regarding the effectiveness of low-volume applications, particularly for xylem-translocated herbicides and contact desiccants, as well as on the interaction between spray volume and droplet spectrum. This study comprises two experiments aimed at evaluating the influence of spray volume and droplet spectrum on application quality and the effectiveness of desiccation and weed control. In the first experiment (Chapter 1), diquat (400 g a.i. ha?¹) was applied at five spray volumes, four by RPA (5, 10, 15, and 20 L ha?¹) and one by ground sprayer (200 L ha?¹), for pre-harvest desiccation of common bean in two growing seasons (summer–autumn and autumn–winter). In the RPA treatments, each 1 L ha?¹ increase in spray volume resulted in an increment of 8.2 droplets cm?² and a 0.3% increase in coverage. All treatments provided 100% defoliation up to 11 days after application (DAA) and advanced harvest by up to 15 days, without affecting yield. It was concluded that desiccation can be efficiently performed via RPA at spray volumes ranging from 5 to 20 L ha?¹. In the second experiment (Chapter 2), four spray volumes (35, 70, 140, and 280 L ha?¹) and two droplet spectra (medium – VMD 292 µm, and very coarse – VMD 466 µm) were evaluated for the application of atrazine (2 kg a.i. ha?¹ + 0.5% v/v vegetable oil) with a tractor-mounted sprayer, assessing application quality [droplet density (droplets cm?²), coverage (%), and deposition] and efficacy in weed control in maize. Droplet density and coverage increased up to approximately 140 L ha?¹, with a tendency to stabilize thereafter. Medium droplets provided higher density and coverage at 140 and 280 L ha?¹. Herbicide deposition, assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), exceeded 91%, demonstrating retention proportional to the applied dose. Weed control ranged from 88% (35 L ha?¹) to 98% (=70 L ha?¹), with no influence of droplet spectrum, and there was no variation in crop yield, preventing losses between 24% and 34%. It was concluded that, for atrazine applications with a tractor-mounted sprayer, spray volumes of at least 70 L ha?¹ should be used, with medium to very coarse droplets. The use of low spray volumes, when combined with adjuvants and appropriate application technology, maintains high agronomic efficiency in pre-harvest desiccation and weed control, optimizing input use, reducing costs, and increasing the autonomy of agricultural operations. Keywords: percentage of coverage; droplet density; herbicide; drone; low volume
Advances in herbicide application equipment have revolutionized the sector, enabling the use of spray volumes well below those recommended on product labels for most chemicals. This trend, combined with the increasing use of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA, or drones) and the pursuit of greater operational efficiency, has expanded the options for weed management and pre-harvest desiccation. However, there is still a lack of technical information regarding the effectiveness of low-volume applications, particularly for xylem-translocated herbicides and contact desiccants, as well as on the interaction between spray volume and droplet spectrum. This study comprises two experiments aimed at evaluating the influence of spray volume and droplet spectrum on application quality and the effectiveness of desiccation and weed control. In the first experiment (Chapter 1), diquat (400 g a.i. ha?¹) was applied at five spray volumes, four by RPA (5, 10, 15, and 20 L ha?¹) and one by ground sprayer (200 L ha?¹), for pre-harvest desiccation of common bean in two growing seasons (summer–autumn and autumn–winter). In the RPA treatments, each 1 L ha?¹ increase in spray volume resulted in an increment of 8.2 droplets cm?² and a 0.3% increase in coverage. All treatments provided 100% defoliation up to 11 days after application (DAA) and advanced harvest by up to 15 days, without affecting yield. It was concluded that desiccation can be efficiently performed via RPA at spray volumes ranging from 5 to 20 L ha?¹. In the second experiment (Chapter 2), four spray volumes (35, 70, 140, and 280 L ha?¹) and two droplet spectra (medium – VMD 292 µm, and very coarse – VMD 466 µm) were evaluated for the application of atrazine (2 kg a.i. ha?¹ + 0.5% v/v vegetable oil) with a tractor-mounted sprayer, assessing application quality [droplet density (droplets cm?²), coverage (%), and deposition] and efficacy in weed control in maize. Droplet density and coverage increased up to approximately 140 L ha?¹, with a tendency to stabilize thereafter. Medium droplets provided higher density and coverage at 140 and 280 L ha?¹. Herbicide deposition, assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), exceeded 91%, demonstrating retention proportional to the applied dose. Weed control ranged from 88% (35 L ha?¹) to 98% (=70 L ha?¹), with no influence of droplet spectrum, and there was no variation in crop yield, preventing losses between 24% and 34%. It was concluded that, for atrazine applications with a tractor-mounted sprayer, spray volumes of at least 70 L ha?¹ should be used, with medium to very coarse droplets. The use of low spray volumes, when combined with adjuvants and appropriate application technology, maintains high agronomic efficiency in pre-harvest desiccation and weed control, optimizing input use, reducing costs, and increasing the autonomy of agricultural operations. Keywords: percentage of coverage; droplet density; herbicide; drone; low volume
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VAZ, Valter. Volume de calda e espectro de gotas na eficácia de herbicidas em aplicação terrestre e aérea por meio de aeronave remotamente pilotada. 2025. 58 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
