Pedogeoarqueologia de antropossolos da Amazônia Oriental: sambaquis e terras pretas de índio
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2020-01-31
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Assim como em outros espaços, o advento do homem pré-colombiano infligiu modificações ao ambiente amazônico, que foram expressas principalmente na forma de transformações na sua vegetação, nos seus assentamentos e cercanias. Dentre as intervenções, pode-se citar as descritas na ilha de Marajó denominadas de Tesos (Mounds), que correspondem a elevações no terreno, originados do retrabalhamento de paleocanais e com evidências de modificações antrópicas. Como também os marcos na paisagem denominados de sambaquis, estruturas arqueológicas cuja matriz estratigráfica é constituída predominantemente por conchas. Como resultado das tradições praticadas pelos grupos sociais, produziu-se alterações também nas características dos solos, modificando suas propriedades físicas e químicas, e alterando sua aptidão, dando origem aos Arqueo-antropossolos, que tem na sua gênese discussões sobre a intencionalidade ou casualidade dos resultado destas alterações no ambiente. A partir da percepção de que o estudo da distribuição das características físicas e químicas destes Arqueo-antropossolos poderia contribuir com a interpretação das antigas civilizações e do histórico de uso destes, além de contribuir para o desenvolvimento agrícola, sua exploração do ponto de vista cientifico foi então intensificada. Entretanto, o estado da arte da pedoarqueologia referente a estes solos no Brasil se construiu com base em sítios do Baixo e Médio Amazonas, e de poucos sambaquis do Sudeste do país, sendo raros os trabalhos com esta abordagem nos sítios arqueológicos da ilha de Marajó, mesmo com os estudos arqueológicos que apontam para esta área como o local de desenvolvimento de uma das principais culturas ceramistas da história. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se e discute-se os resultados da caracterização química, física, mineralógica, geoquímica e cronologia de Arqueo-antropossolos da ilha de Marajó (Terras Pretas e Terras Mulatas) e do município de Quatipuru (Sambaqui), ambos localizados no estado do Pará, Amazônia Oriental, bem como a influência das propriedades químicas, físicas e geoquímicas na separação entre estes solos utilizando analise de componentes principais (PCA). As amostras foram submetidas as análises físico-químicas de rotina, fracionamento de P, difração de raio-X, datação por radiocarbono (C14 ), digestão sulfurica, dissolução seletiva de ditionito citrato bicarbonato e oxalato de amônio, além de caracterização microquímica com MEV acoplado em EDS das frações silte e argila. O Arqueo-antropossolo do Teso da Ilha de Marajó revelou média mais elevada para P, K e Mn, enquanto as Terras Pretas apresentaram maiores médias de Ca, Mg e SB e CTC, indicando diferenças nas características químicas das Terras Pretas Arqueológicas em decorrência das diferentes fases de ocupação da ilha, além dos diferentes tipos de solos em que procederam-se as ocupações, retratados também na espessura dos horizontes e quantidade de artefatos ou fragmentos encontrados. As Terras Pretas Arqueológicas de Marajó com características geoquímicas e físicas de maior semelhança, segundo a análise de componentes principais (PCA), foram P02 (Teso) e P03 (TPA), por apresentarem maior enriquecimento químico, em contraste com as demais Terras Pretas Arqueológicas da ilha. A fração de P inorgânico predominante nos solos de Marajó é a ligada ao Fe, enquanto o solo desenvolvido no sambaqui de Quatipuru é a ligada ao Ca, em que se observa os maiores valores nos horizontes com maiores teores de matéria orgânica, provavelmente devido a mecanismos de estabilização. A mineralogia das frações areia e silte são constituídas por feldspato, quartzo e por calcita. O solo do sambaqui ainda possui grande reserva de apatita biogênica primária, materiais malacológicos, sendo observado a predominância de hidroxiapatita, halita, e calcita na fração argila. Foram observados ainda presença de argilominerais 2:1 no solo. As datações realizadas em Quatipuru variaram entre 4920 ± 30 AP a 500 ± 30 AP, e indicam intervalos consideráveis de aproximadamente 200 anos do período caracterizado como de abandono do sitio. Os resultados das datações indicaram também inconsistências com as anteriormente realizadas, e provável inversão de camadas. Palavras-chave: Terra Preta Arqueológica. Arqueo-antropossolos. Pedoarqueologia.
As in other spaces, the advent of pre-Columbian man inflicted changes to the Amazonian environment, which were expressed mainly in the form of changes in its vegetation, in its settlements and surroundings. Among the interventions, we can mention those described on the island of Marajó called Tesos (Mound building), which correspond to elevations mm the terrain, originated from the reworking of paleochannels and with evidence of anthropic changes. As well as the landmarks m the landscape named sambaquis (Shellmounds), archaeological structures whose stratigraphic matrix 1s predominantly made up of shells. As a result of the traditions practiced by social groups, changes were also made im the characteristics of the soils, modifying their physical and chemical properties, and altering their aptitude, giving rise to the Archeo-anthroposols, which im their genesis have discussions about the intentionality or casualness of the result of these changes 1n the environment. Based on the perception that the study of the distribution of the physical and chemical characteristics of these Archeo-anthropossols could contribute to the interpretation of ancient civilizations and their history of use, m addition to contributing to agricultural development, their exploration from the scientific perspective was then intensified. However, the state-of-the-art of pedoarcheology related to these soils mm Brazil was built based on sites m the Lower and Middle Amazon, and a few Shellmounds m the southeastern part of the country, and there are few works with this approach 1n the archaeological sites on the island of Marajó, even with the archaeological studies that point to this area as the place of development of one of the mam ceramist cultures 1n history. In this work, it 1s presented and discussed the chemical, physical, mineralogical, geochemical and chronological characterization of Arqueo-antropossolos from the island of Marajó (Black Earths and Mulatto Earths) and the municipalty of Quatipuru (Shellmound) both mm the state of Pará, Eastern Amazon. As well as the influence of chemical, physical and geochemical properties on the separation between these soils using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The samples were subjected to routine physical-chemical analysis, fractionation of P, X-ray diffraction, radiocarbon dating (C 14), sulfuric digestion, selective dissolution of dithionite citrate bicarbonate, and ammonium oxalate, m addition to micro-chemical characterization of the silt and clay fractions using MEV coupled m EDS. The Archeo-anthropossol of Teso on Marajó Island revealed a higher average for P, K and Mn, while the Black Earths showed higher averages of Ca, Mg and SB and CTC, indicating differences m the chemical characteristics of the Black Archaeological Earths due to the different phases of occupation of the island, m addition to the different types of soil on which the occupations proceeded, also depicted im the thickness of the horizons and quantity of artifacts or fragments found. The Black Archaeological Earth of Marajó with the most similar geochemical and physical characteristics, according to the principal component analysis (PCA), were PO2 (Teso) and P03 (Black Earth), as they present greater chemical enrichment, in contrast to the other Black Archaeological Black Earths of the island. The predominant fraction of inorganic P in the soils of Marajó 1s that linked to Fe, while the soil developed mn the Quatipuru”s Shellmound 1s that linked to Ca, m which the highest values are observed 1n the horizons with higher levels of organic matter, probably due to mechanisms stabilization process. The mineralogy of the sand and silt fractions consists of feldspar, quartz and calcite. The Shellmound soil still has a large reserve of primary biogenic apatite, malacological materials, with a predominance of hydroxyapatite, halite, and calcite 1n the clay fraction. The presence of 2: 1 clay minerals was also observed in the soil. The dates m Quatipuru ranged from 4920 + 30 BP to 500 + 30 BP, and indicate considerable intervals of approximately 200 years from the period characterized as abandonment of the site. The dating results also indicated inconsistencies with those previously performed, and probable inversion of layers. Keywords: Archaeological Black Earth. Archeoanthroposols. Pedoarcheology.
As in other spaces, the advent of pre-Columbian man inflicted changes to the Amazonian environment, which were expressed mainly in the form of changes in its vegetation, in its settlements and surroundings. Among the interventions, we can mention those described on the island of Marajó called Tesos (Mound building), which correspond to elevations mm the terrain, originated from the reworking of paleochannels and with evidence of anthropic changes. As well as the landmarks m the landscape named sambaquis (Shellmounds), archaeological structures whose stratigraphic matrix 1s predominantly made up of shells. As a result of the traditions practiced by social groups, changes were also made im the characteristics of the soils, modifying their physical and chemical properties, and altering their aptitude, giving rise to the Archeo-anthroposols, which im their genesis have discussions about the intentionality or casualness of the result of these changes 1n the environment. Based on the perception that the study of the distribution of the physical and chemical characteristics of these Archeo-anthropossols could contribute to the interpretation of ancient civilizations and their history of use, m addition to contributing to agricultural development, their exploration from the scientific perspective was then intensified. However, the state-of-the-art of pedoarcheology related to these soils mm Brazil was built based on sites m the Lower and Middle Amazon, and a few Shellmounds m the southeastern part of the country, and there are few works with this approach 1n the archaeological sites on the island of Marajó, even with the archaeological studies that point to this area as the place of development of one of the mam ceramist cultures 1n history. In this work, it 1s presented and discussed the chemical, physical, mineralogical, geochemical and chronological characterization of Arqueo-antropossolos from the island of Marajó (Black Earths and Mulatto Earths) and the municipalty of Quatipuru (Shellmound) both mm the state of Pará, Eastern Amazon. As well as the influence of chemical, physical and geochemical properties on the separation between these soils using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The samples were subjected to routine physical-chemical analysis, fractionation of P, X-ray diffraction, radiocarbon dating (C 14), sulfuric digestion, selective dissolution of dithionite citrate bicarbonate, and ammonium oxalate, m addition to micro-chemical characterization of the silt and clay fractions using MEV coupled m EDS. The Archeo-anthropossol of Teso on Marajó Island revealed a higher average for P, K and Mn, while the Black Earths showed higher averages of Ca, Mg and SB and CTC, indicating differences m the chemical characteristics of the Black Archaeological Earths due to the different phases of occupation of the island, m addition to the different types of soil on which the occupations proceeded, also depicted im the thickness of the horizons and quantity of artifacts or fragments found. The Black Archaeological Earth of Marajó with the most similar geochemical and physical characteristics, according to the principal component analysis (PCA), were PO2 (Teso) and P03 (Black Earth), as they present greater chemical enrichment, in contrast to the other Black Archaeological Black Earths of the island. The predominant fraction of inorganic P in the soils of Marajó 1s that linked to Fe, while the soil developed mn the Quatipuru”s Shellmound 1s that linked to Ca, m which the highest values are observed 1n the horizons with higher levels of organic matter, probably due to mechanisms stabilization process. The mineralogy of the sand and silt fractions consists of feldspar, quartz and calcite. The Shellmound soil still has a large reserve of primary biogenic apatite, malacological materials, with a predominance of hydroxyapatite, halite, and calcite 1n the clay fraction. The presence of 2: 1 clay minerals was also observed in the soil. The dates m Quatipuru ranged from 4920 + 30 BP to 500 + 30 BP, and indicate considerable intervals of approximately 200 years from the period characterized as abandonment of the site. The dating results also indicated inconsistencies with those previously performed, and probable inversion of layers. Keywords: Archaeological Black Earth. Archeoanthroposols. Pedoarcheology.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ciência do solo em arqueologia - Amazônia, Terra preta, Sambaquis
Citação
LOURENÇO, Valéria Ramos. Pedogeoarqueologia de antropossolos da Amazônia Oriental: sambaquis e terras pretas de índio. 2020. 105 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.