Fitotoxicidade, potencial inseticida e seletividade a organismos não alvos de Ficus carica Linn (Moraceae)
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2020-02-19
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O uso incorreto de defensivos agrícolas convencionais tem impactado de forma negativa o meio ambiente, produtores rurais, consumidores e tem levado a busca de novas fontes de agroquímicos que sejam menos danosas, como defensivos oriundos de extratos vegetais. No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a potencial atividade inseticida da espécie vegetal Ficus carica e alguns de seus compostos isolados, investigando os componentes bioativos. Foram produzidos extratos a partir de folha (FCF) e galho (FCG) de F. carica por percolação exaustiva empregando etanol como solvente. Os extratos foram testados frente ao percevejo-marrom-da-soja no estágio adulto e no terceiro instar do desenvolvimento. Foi conduzida uma curva de mortalidade dose-resposta em ninfas no terceiro instar de E. heros e calculada a CL 50 dos extratos. FCG foi selecionado para a etapa de cromatografia em coluna de sílica-gel, isolamento e purificação. Os grupos resultantes, juntamente com FCG, foram analisados por HPLC-DAD. FCG e FCF foram estudados quimicamente por UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Os grupos mais promissores obtidos da cromatografia em coluna foram testados em ninfas de percevejo no valor da CL 50 do extrato de galho. A seletividade de FCG também foi estudada em relação ao alvo agrícola Drosophila suzukii e a segurança foi analisada nos insetos benéficos Apis mellifera, Parthamona helleri, Eriopis connexa, Coleomegilla maculata e Chrysoperla externa. FCG e FCF não foram tóxicos para o percevejo-marrom adulto, mas apresentou elevada mortalidade contra as ninfas, de forma que a CL 50 fornecida pela curva de mortalidade foi 5,9 mg/mL. Os compostos majoritários dos grupos analisados por HPLC-DAD (G5, G6, G7, G8, G9, G18 e G20) foram duas furanocumarinas: psoraleno e bergapteno. Os grupos destinados a atividade biológica (G5, G7, G8, G18 e G20), com exceção de G20, mostraram mortalidade a cima de 50% e G7, grupo que detinha mistura das duas furanocumarinas, foi quem apresentou maior mortalidade mostrando que a ação inseticida do extrato de galho possivelmente está associada a presença das duas furanocumarinas. Os extratos FCG e FCF não foram tóxicos para D. suzukii e mostraram-se seguros para os insetos benéficos estudados. Logo, o extrato etanólico de galho de F. carica é seletivo para o percevejo-marrom-da-soja E. heros e, ao mesmo tempo, seguro para os organismos não alvo estudados, podendo ser um potencial defensivo agrícola botânico utilizado como ferramenta para o controle de pragas. Palavras-chave: Defensivo agrícola. Extrato de planta. Ficus carica. Euschistus heros. Percevejo. Inseticida. Mortalidade. Segurança. Seletividade.
The incorrect application of conventional agriculture pesticides has negatively impacted the environment, rural producers and consumers. In addition, it has led the research of new sources of agrochemicals that could be less harmful, as natural pesticides from plant extract. In this work, the insecticidal potential of Ficus carica and some of its isolated compounds were analyzed and its bioactive components were investigated. The extracts were produced from leaf (FCF) and branch (FCG) from F. carica by exhaustive percolation using ethanol as solvent. The extracts were tested against soybean stink bug, adult and at the third nymph. Moreover, the LC 50 was determined to third stage stink bug. The chromatography in silica gel solid phase column, isolation and purification were done in the FCG. Then, the resulting groups and FCG were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. FCF and FCG were studied by UHPLC-ESI- MS/MS. The most promising groups were tested on stink bug nymphs at crude extract correspondent LC 50 value. The selectivity of FCG was also studied at the agriculture target Drosophila suzukii and its security was analyzed in the beneficial insects Apis mellifera, Parthamona helleri, Eriopis connexa, Coleomegilla maculata and Chrysoperla externa. The extracts weren’t toxic to adult stink bug, however showed high potential of mortality against nymphs, so that the LC 50 of FCG was 5,9 mg/mL. The major compounds of groups analyzed by HPLC-DAD (G5, G6, G7, G8, G18 and G20) were two furanocoumarins: psoralen and bergapten. The groups destined to biological activity (G5, G7, G8, G18 and G20), exception for G20, showed mortality above 50%. In addition, the G7, the one with two furanocoumarins, had the highest mortality. Therefore, it was a signal that the crude extract’s insecticidal potential is possibly associated by the presence of the two furanocoumarins. FCG and FCF weren’t toxic to D. suzukii and proved to be safe for the studied beneficial insects. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of branch of F. carica is selective for E. heros, safe for the non-target organisms studied and can be a potential botanical agricultural defensive used as a tool for pest control. Keywords: Pesticide. Plant extract. Ficus carica. Euschistus heros. Stink bug. Mortality. Safety. Selectivity.
The incorrect application of conventional agriculture pesticides has negatively impacted the environment, rural producers and consumers. In addition, it has led the research of new sources of agrochemicals that could be less harmful, as natural pesticides from plant extract. In this work, the insecticidal potential of Ficus carica and some of its isolated compounds were analyzed and its bioactive components were investigated. The extracts were produced from leaf (FCF) and branch (FCG) from F. carica by exhaustive percolation using ethanol as solvent. The extracts were tested against soybean stink bug, adult and at the third nymph. Moreover, the LC 50 was determined to third stage stink bug. The chromatography in silica gel solid phase column, isolation and purification were done in the FCG. Then, the resulting groups and FCG were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. FCF and FCG were studied by UHPLC-ESI- MS/MS. The most promising groups were tested on stink bug nymphs at crude extract correspondent LC 50 value. The selectivity of FCG was also studied at the agriculture target Drosophila suzukii and its security was analyzed in the beneficial insects Apis mellifera, Parthamona helleri, Eriopis connexa, Coleomegilla maculata and Chrysoperla externa. The extracts weren’t toxic to adult stink bug, however showed high potential of mortality against nymphs, so that the LC 50 of FCG was 5,9 mg/mL. The major compounds of groups analyzed by HPLC-DAD (G5, G6, G7, G8, G18 and G20) were two furanocoumarins: psoralen and bergapten. The groups destined to biological activity (G5, G7, G8, G18 and G20), exception for G20, showed mortality above 50%. In addition, the G7, the one with two furanocoumarins, had the highest mortality. Therefore, it was a signal that the crude extract’s insecticidal potential is possibly associated by the presence of the two furanocoumarins. FCG and FCF weren’t toxic to D. suzukii and proved to be safe for the studied beneficial insects. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of branch of F. carica is selective for E. heros, safe for the non-target organisms studied and can be a potential botanical agricultural defensive used as a tool for pest control. Keywords: Pesticide. Plant extract. Ficus carica. Euschistus heros. Stink bug. Mortality. Safety. Selectivity.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Produtos químicos agrícolas, Extratos vegetais, Ficus carica, Euschistus heros, Inseticidas, Mortalidade, Segurança, Seletividade
Citação
BRITTO, Isabella Oliveira. Fitotoxicidade, potencial inseticida e seletividade a organismos não alvos de Ficus carica Linn (Moraceae). 2020. 116 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.